Psych 290 Final Complete Review Exam 2025

What is psychologist Wilhelm Wundt most known for - -The establishment of the first formal laboratory for research in psychology. What is G. Stanley Hall known for - -He established the American Psychological Association and was its first president Which of the following approaches to psychology can be compared to examining a movie frame rather than viewing it as a moving image? - -Structuralism A tennis coach insists that he can make any reasonably healthy person into a super competitive tennis player. The coach's perspective echoes the statements of which of the following psychologists? - -John B. Watson A young man forgets to pick up his mother at the airport. What psychological approach would suggest his forgetfulness is an unconscious way of saying he does not want to welcome her visit? - -Psychoanalytic Which of the following statements is one that Skinner's followers would agree with? a: Most behaviour is controlled by unconscious desires and conflicts b: The goal of behaviour is self-actualization c: Nature is more influential than nurture d: Free will is an illusion - -Free will is an illusion What psychological view holds the most optimistic view of human nature? - -Humanism Which of the following historical events created a demand for clinicians that was far greater than the supply? a: WW1 b: the Great Depression c: WW2 d: The Korean War - -c: WW2 Which of the following psychologists would most likely undertake the study of the endocrine system and genetic mechanisms? a: a clinical psychologist b: a physiological psychologist c: a social psychologist Psych 290 Psych 290 d: an educational psychologist - -b: a physiological psychologist Which of the following pairs holds similar views? a: psychoanalysis and humanism b: behaviourism and cognitive psychology c: structuralism and positive psychology d: functionalism and evolutionary psychology - -d: functionalism and evolutionary psych Which of the following statements best fits the theoretical perspective of positive psychology? a: Humans have a great capacity for achievement and happiness. Research in psychology can helps understand and reach those positive states b: The only way to understand a healthy, functioning human is to study humans who have serious disorders. Knowing what can go wrong allows us to define what is right. c: Research results are valuable only valuable if they demonstrate statistically significant findings. Positive results are the only ones worth publishing. d: Psych should be a progressive discipline, moving forward and "getting in with the times". New trends and technologies will be necessary to fully understand human thinking and neuroanatomy - -a:Humans have a great capacity for achievement and happiness. Research in psychology can helps understand and reach those positive states If you wanted to become a psychiatrist, what degree would be required - -M.D. When students change answers on multiple choice tests, what type of change is most common? - -changing wrong answers to right ones. What describes the development of critical thinking skills? - -They need to be deliberately taught because often they do not develop without explicit practice and demonstration What area of psychology did the well known Canadian psychologist Donald Hebb conduct research in? - -Neuropsychology. What is the term for a tentative prediction about the relationship between two variables? - -Hypothesis What did Wilhelm Wundt argue psychology should be? - -The scientific study of the conscious What do structuralists believe about psychology? - -Psychology should use introspection to analyze consciousness into its basic elements What do functionalists believe about psychology? - -Psychology should focus on the purpose and adaptive functions of the conscious Psych 290 Psych 290 What do behaviourists believe about psychology? - -The emphasis of environment over heredity, stimulus-response relationships, and overall importance of observable behaviour. What school of Psychology found behaviourism and psychoanalysis unsatisfactory and instead emphasized humans freedom and potential for growth? - -Humanism What event stimulated the rapid growth of clinical psychology, turning it into a profession and a science? - -WW2 What movement in the 1950s and 1960s returned psychology to its original roots? - The advancement of study in cognitive processes and the physiological bases of behaviour What happened in the 1980s that influenced psychology - -A greater interest in how cultural factors influence thoughts, feelings, and behaviour. Sparked by increased diversity in western society. What school of psychology emerged in the 1990s? - -Evolutionary Psychology. Emphasized patterns of behaviour are the product of evolutionary forces. What school emerged in the 21st century? - -Positive psychology What are the four professional specialties of applied psychology? - -Clinical psychology, counselling psychology, educational and school psychology, and industrial and organizational psychology. Watson, Pavlov, Skinner - -Behavioural Freud, Jung, Adler - -Psychoanalytic Rogers, Maslow - -Humanist Piaget, Chomsky, Simon - -Cognitive Olds, Sperry, Hubel, Wiesel - -Biological Buss, Daly, Wilson, Cosmides, Tooby - -Evolutionary What is applied psychology? - -The branch of psychology concerned with everyday, practical problems clinical psychology - -The branch of psychology concerned with the diagnosis and treatment of psychological problems and disorders. Psych 290 Psych 290 What did Donald Hebb do? - -Highlighted the importance of physiological and neuropsychological perspectives that paved the way for the cognitive revolution in psych Psychology - -The science that studies behavior and the physiological and cognitive processes that underlie it, and the profession that applies the accumulated knowledge of this science to practical problems. What are the major research areas in contemporary psychology? - -Developmental Social Experimental Physiological Cognitive Personality Psychometrics What are psychometrics in psychology? - -The measurement of behaviour and capacities, usually through the development of psychological tests. What do educational and school psychologists do? - -Work to improve curriculum design, achievement testing, teacher training, and other aspects of the educational process. What do industrial/organizational psychologists do? - -Run human resource departments, work to improve staff moral and attitudes, strive to increase job satisfaction. What does empiricism mean - -The premise that knowledge should be acquired through observation What is the SQ3R method? - -Survey, Question, Read, Recite, Review What are the goals of the scientific enterprise? - -1. measurement and description 2. understanding and prediction 3. application and control What are the key steps required by a scientific investigation? - -1: formulate a testable hypothesis 2: select the research method and design the study 3: collect the data 4: analyze the data and draw conclusions 5: report the findings What are the advantages of the scientific approach? - -Its clarity in communication and its relative intolerance of error. Psych 290 Psych 290 What are confounding variables? - -Variables that are linked together in a way that makes it difficult to sort out their specific effects. What are extraneous variables? - -any variables other than the independent variable that seem likely to influence the dependent variable in a study How can experiments vary in format - -Sometimes an experimental group serves as its own control group. Many experiments have more than one independent variable or more than one dependant variable. What are the strengths and weaknesses of experimental research? - -strengths: permits conclusions about the cause-effect relationships between variables weaknesses: often not usable for a specific problem, and many experiments tend to be artificial How is naturalistic observation used to examine psychological phenomena? - -With careful, prolonged observation of behaviour in its natural setting without any intervention How can case studies be used to look for general principles of behaviour? - -investigate individuals in depth. Why do researchers use surveys? - -To gather information on specific aspects of behaviour What are the strengths and weaknesses of descriptive/correlational research? - Strengths: allow psychologists to explore issues that might not be open to experimental investigation. Weaknesses: Cannot demonstrate cause and effect relationships What is the mean? - -the arithmetic average of scores in a distribution What is the mode? - -the most frequent score in a distribution What is the median? - -the score that falls exactly in the centre of a distribution of scores What is a frequency polygon - -a line figure used to present data from a frequency distribution What is a frequency distribution - -an orderly arrangement of scores indicating the frequency of each score or group of scores What does a positively skewed distribution look like? - -The peak (mode) of the slope comes first, followed by the median and then the mean Psych 290 Psych 290 What does a negatively skewed distribution look like? - -the mean comes first as the slope rises followed by the median and then the mode near the end What is normal distribution? - -a symmetrical, bell-shaped curve that represents the pattern in which many characteristics are dispersed in the population What is sampling bias? - -when a sample is not representative of the population from which it was drawn What are the advantages and disadvantages of surveys? - -Advantages: Data collection is easy, researchers can gather data on difficult to observe aspects of behaviour, good for gathering data on attitudes, values, and beliefs from large samples. Disadvantages: often unreliable, due to intentional deception, social desirability, response sets, memory lapses, poor wording of questions. Researchers are also unable to draw casual conclusions. What is a response set? - -a tendency to respond to questions in a way that is unrelated to the content of the questions. How can you guard against experimenter bias? - -Use the double blind procedure. What is a meta-analysis? - -the combination of the statistical results of many studies of the same question, yielding an estimate of the size and consistency of a variables effects. What is the sample vs the population in experiments? - -A sample is the collection of subjects selected for observation in an empirical study. The population is the much larger collection of animals or people from which the sample is drawn. Advantages and disadvantages of case studies - -advantages: well suited for study of certain phenomena and can provide compelling real-life illustrations to support a theory disadvantages: subjectivity is much more probable, which makes it easy for researchers to selectively just see what they expect/want to see based on their own theoretical slants Advantages and Disadvantages of Naturalistic observation? - -Advantages: Artificiality found in lab studies is minimized, good place to start when little is known about the subject, can be used to study animals as well as human behaviour. Disadvantages: difficult to remain unobtrusive, researchers unable to draw casual conclusions, data is hard to quantify for statistical analyses. Advantages and Disadvantages of Experiments - -Advantages: control over variables can eliminate alternative explanations for findings. Researchers can draw conclusions about cause-and-effect relationships between variables. Psych 290 Psych 290 Disadvantages: Confounding of variables must be avoided, lab settings are often artificial, making it risky to generalize findings into the real world, Ethical concerns and practical realities preclude experiments on many important questions. What are the advantages of journal articles? - -Publish technical and scholarly material. Usually written for other professionals in a narrow area of inquiry. Most journal articles are reports of original research. What is the tentative prediction about the relationship between two variables? - Hypothesis Which of the following steps in the research process relates to the amount of control that researchers will exert over a study? a: provide operational definitions of their variables b:decide whether their study will be experimental or correlational c: they use statistics to summarize their findings d: They decide how many subjects should participate in their study - -B What is the confounding of variables? - -occurs when two variables are linked in a way that makes it difficult to sort out their specific effects What is anecdotal evidence? - -evidence that comes in testimonial format or from information that goes against current scientific data Main advantage of correlational research - -Allows researchers to study variables that would be impossible to manipulate Achievement tests - -Tests that gauge a person's mastery and knowledge of various subjects. Aptitude tests - -Psychological tests used to assess talent for specific types of mental ability. Construct vs Content validity - -Construct: Extent to which there is evidence that a test measures a particular hypothetical construct Content: Degree to which the content of a test is representative of the domain its supposed to cover convergent vs divergent thinking - -Convergent: Narrowing down a list of alternatives to converge on a single correct answer Divergent: Trying to expand the range of alternatives by generating many possible solutions Psych 290 Psych 290 Creativity - -The generation of ideas that are original, novel, and useful criterion-related validity - -Test validity that is estimated by correlating subjects' scores on a test with their scores on an independent criterion (another measure) of the trait assessed by the test. crystallized vs fluid intelligence - -Crystallized: Applying acquired skills and knowledge in problem solving Fluid: Reasoning ability, memory capacity, and speed of info processing Emotional Intelligence - -Ability to perceive and express emotion, assimilate emotion in thought, understand and reason with emotion, and regulate emotion Intelligence Quotient (IQ) - -a child's mental age divided by chronological age, multiplied by 100 Reaction range - -Genetically determined limits on IQ or other traits. Reification - -viewing an abstract, immaterial concept as if i