8/26/25, 8:26
AM
NUR 440 FINAL REVIEW EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
VERIFIED UPDATE 2025/2026
Terms in this set (98)
1. fatigue
2. irritability
3. muscle weakness, cramps
4. loss of muscle tone
5. paresthesia - numbness, tingling
6. decreased reflexes
Hyperkalemia clinical
manifestations 7. abdominal cramps, D/V
8. confusion
9. irregular pulse
10 tetany
With decreased ECF Volume
- irritability, apprehension,
confusion, dizziness,
personality changes,
tremors, seizures, coma
-Dry mucous membrane
-Postural hypotension, ↓
CVP, ↓ jugular venous
Hyponatremia filling, increased pulse,
manifestations thready pulse
1/54
,8/26/25, 8:26
AM
-cold and clammy skin
With normal or increased ECF Volume
-Headache, apathy,
confusion, muscle spasm,
seizures, coma
-Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps
-weight gain, hypertension, ↑ CVP
2/54
,8/26/25, 8:26
AM
With decreased ECF Vol
-restlessness, agitation, lethargy, seizures, coma
-intense thirst, dry swollen
tongue, sticky mucous
membranes
-postural hypotension,
↓CVP, weight loss,
increased pulse,
hypernatremia increased pulse
manifestations - weakness, muscle cramps
With normal or increased Vol
- restlessness, agitation,
lethargy, twitching,
seizures, coma
-intense thirst, flushed skin
- weight gain, peripheral
and pulmonary edema,
hypertension, ↑CVP
Water deficient
- IV isotonic fluids (NACL)
Sodium Excess
- sodium free fluids like D5W
Hypernatremia
- excretion with diuretics
treatment
- may need seizure precisions
- restrict dietary sodium
3/54
, 8/26/25, 8:26
AM
(serum sodium shouldn't decrease more than 8-15 mEq/L)
Fluid Loss
- isotonic sodium-containing solutions
-oral intake of sodium
-withholding diuretics
Mild Water Excess
-fluid restriction
Hyponatremia Treatment -loop diuretics and demeclocycline
Severe Water Excess
-small amounts of IV hypertonic saline solution (3%
sodium chloride)
- vasopressors (those who
can't have fluid restriction) ex.
convivapan (vasopisol) and
tolvaptan (samsca)
- Fatigue
- Muscle weakness, leg cramps
- Soft, flabby muscles
- Paresthesia, decreased reflexes
- Nausea, vomiting, paralytic ileus
Hypokalemia clinical
- shallow Respirations
manifestations
- Weak, irregular pulse
- Polyuria ?
- Hyperglycemia
- oral or IV potassium chloride (KCl)
4/54
AM
NUR 440 FINAL REVIEW EXAM QUESTIONS
AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
VERIFIED UPDATE 2025/2026
Terms in this set (98)
1. fatigue
2. irritability
3. muscle weakness, cramps
4. loss of muscle tone
5. paresthesia - numbness, tingling
6. decreased reflexes
Hyperkalemia clinical
manifestations 7. abdominal cramps, D/V
8. confusion
9. irregular pulse
10 tetany
With decreased ECF Volume
- irritability, apprehension,
confusion, dizziness,
personality changes,
tremors, seizures, coma
-Dry mucous membrane
-Postural hypotension, ↓
CVP, ↓ jugular venous
Hyponatremia filling, increased pulse,
manifestations thready pulse
1/54
,8/26/25, 8:26
AM
-cold and clammy skin
With normal or increased ECF Volume
-Headache, apathy,
confusion, muscle spasm,
seizures, coma
-Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps
-weight gain, hypertension, ↑ CVP
2/54
,8/26/25, 8:26
AM
With decreased ECF Vol
-restlessness, agitation, lethargy, seizures, coma
-intense thirst, dry swollen
tongue, sticky mucous
membranes
-postural hypotension,
↓CVP, weight loss,
increased pulse,
hypernatremia increased pulse
manifestations - weakness, muscle cramps
With normal or increased Vol
- restlessness, agitation,
lethargy, twitching,
seizures, coma
-intense thirst, flushed skin
- weight gain, peripheral
and pulmonary edema,
hypertension, ↑CVP
Water deficient
- IV isotonic fluids (NACL)
Sodium Excess
- sodium free fluids like D5W
Hypernatremia
- excretion with diuretics
treatment
- may need seizure precisions
- restrict dietary sodium
3/54
, 8/26/25, 8:26
AM
(serum sodium shouldn't decrease more than 8-15 mEq/L)
Fluid Loss
- isotonic sodium-containing solutions
-oral intake of sodium
-withholding diuretics
Mild Water Excess
-fluid restriction
Hyponatremia Treatment -loop diuretics and demeclocycline
Severe Water Excess
-small amounts of IV hypertonic saline solution (3%
sodium chloride)
- vasopressors (those who
can't have fluid restriction) ex.
convivapan (vasopisol) and
tolvaptan (samsca)
- Fatigue
- Muscle weakness, leg cramps
- Soft, flabby muscles
- Paresthesia, decreased reflexes
- Nausea, vomiting, paralytic ileus
Hypokalemia clinical
- shallow Respirations
manifestations
- Weak, irregular pulse
- Polyuria ?
- Hyperglycemia
- oral or IV potassium chloride (KCl)
4/54
