Which of the following statements regarding dementia is true?
Dementia is a sudden decline in memory.
Dementia is a progressive decline in brain functioning.
Dementia is most common in patients less than 65 years old.
Dementia is never hereditary.
Dementia is part of normal brain aging.
Which of the following statements regarding Alzheimer's disease is correct?
Alzheimer's disease can be associated with plaque build-up in the temporal
lobe of the brain, associated with increased difficulty with planning.
Alzheimer's disease is a muscular-degenerative disorder.
Alzheimer's disease accounts for 10% of all dementias.
Alzheimer's disease has some hereditary associations.
Alzheimer's disease can be associated with plaque build-up in the
frontal lobe of the brain, associated with increased forgetfulness.
Which of the following statements regarding the onset of Parkinson's disease
is true?
The pathology starts in the basal ganglia
The disease has not yet been associated with harsh environmental
chemicals, such as pesticides and cleaning fluids.
The disease presents with memory problems first, then movement
disorder.
The disease pathology begins in the indirect movement pathway.
The pathology starts in the temporal lobe
Which of the following is true regarding the pathophysiology of Parkinson's
disease?
Lewy bodies accumulate in the nigrostriatal pathway, interrupting excitatory
dopaminergic neuronal signaling in the direct movement pathway.
Lewy bodies accumulate in the nigrostriatal pathway, interrupting
excitatory dopaminergic neuronal signaling in the indirect movement
pathway.
Lewy bodies accumulate in the nigrostriatal pathway, interrupting
inhibitory dopaminergic neuronal signaling in the indirect movement
pathway.
, Lewy bodies accumulate in the nigrostriatal pathway, interrupting
inhibitory dopaminergic neuronal signaling in the direct movement
pathway.
Lewy bodies are alpha-synuclein protein clumps seen in Lewy Body
dementia only.
Which of the following symptoms is typically not seen until the end-stage of
Parkinson's disease progression?
Rigidity
Difficulty with balance
Dementia
Bradykinesia
Difficulty initiating movement
Which of the following has NOT been linked to the development of
Parkinson's disease?
Male gender
History of cardiovascular disease
Heavy metal inhalation and harsh chemical exposure
History of multiple concussions
Genetics
Which of the following tracts carries pain and temperature sensation?
Lateral corticospinal tract
Anterior corticospinal tract
Dorsal column medial lemniscus
Lateral spinothalamic tract
Pyramidal tracts
Which of the following findings are CORRECT in cases of Brown-sequard
syndrome?
Contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation
Contralateral upper motor neuron paralysis and contralateral loss of
temperature sensation
Ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation
, Contralateral upper motor neuron paralysis
Contralateral loss of proprioception and ipsilateral loss of pain sensation
Anterior cord syndrome leads to which of the following clinical findings?
Ipsilateral loss of pain sensations above the level of the lesion
Loss of deep touch and vibratory sensation below the level of the lesion
Contralateral loss of motor sensation above the level of the lesion
Loss of motor, pain, and temperature sensation at and below the lesion
Ipsilateral lower motor neuron paralysis
Which of the following is a classic symptom of cauda equina syndrome?
Urinary retention
Hyperreflexia
Neuropathic pain
Profound weakness
Saddle numbness
Which of the following features is NOT present in the cases of conus
medullaris syndrome?
Slow onset of symptoms
Weakness
Impotence
Bladder incontinence
Sensory loss in the perianal area
What is the definition of a transient ischemic attack (TIA)?
Hemorrhage in the brain
An interruption of blood flow to the entire brain
A temporary interruption of blood flow to a local portion of the brain
Uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain
Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) can present similarly to other transient
neurological events. What are four other neurological events that may mimic a
TIA? Select all that apply.
, Migraine aura
Hyperglycemia
Syncope
Seizure
Subdural hematoma
Which of the following drug classes is known to cause myopathy as a side
effect?
First-generation antipsychotics
Niacin
Benzodiazepines
Statins
Tricyclic antidepressants
In the investigation of a neurological disease, a 3-part classification into
sensory versus motor versus sensorimotor involves what anatomic part(s)?
Peripheral nerves
Spinal cord
Muscles
Neuromuscular junctions
Brain
Which term is used to describe the beginning step with respect to initiation of
a seizure?
Paroxysmal depolarization shift
Decreased glutamate secretion
Increased inhibitory tone
Neuronal synchronization
Transition to ictus
Which statement is the most accurate when discussing the first step of seizure
initiation?
Decreased calcium-channel signaling causes a decrease in neuronal
excitement.
The electroencephalogram will show a slow wave followed by a spike.
Dementia is a sudden decline in memory.
Dementia is a progressive decline in brain functioning.
Dementia is most common in patients less than 65 years old.
Dementia is never hereditary.
Dementia is part of normal brain aging.
Which of the following statements regarding Alzheimer's disease is correct?
Alzheimer's disease can be associated with plaque build-up in the temporal
lobe of the brain, associated with increased difficulty with planning.
Alzheimer's disease is a muscular-degenerative disorder.
Alzheimer's disease accounts for 10% of all dementias.
Alzheimer's disease has some hereditary associations.
Alzheimer's disease can be associated with plaque build-up in the
frontal lobe of the brain, associated with increased forgetfulness.
Which of the following statements regarding the onset of Parkinson's disease
is true?
The pathology starts in the basal ganglia
The disease has not yet been associated with harsh environmental
chemicals, such as pesticides and cleaning fluids.
The disease presents with memory problems first, then movement
disorder.
The disease pathology begins in the indirect movement pathway.
The pathology starts in the temporal lobe
Which of the following is true regarding the pathophysiology of Parkinson's
disease?
Lewy bodies accumulate in the nigrostriatal pathway, interrupting excitatory
dopaminergic neuronal signaling in the direct movement pathway.
Lewy bodies accumulate in the nigrostriatal pathway, interrupting
excitatory dopaminergic neuronal signaling in the indirect movement
pathway.
Lewy bodies accumulate in the nigrostriatal pathway, interrupting
inhibitory dopaminergic neuronal signaling in the indirect movement
pathway.
, Lewy bodies accumulate in the nigrostriatal pathway, interrupting
inhibitory dopaminergic neuronal signaling in the direct movement
pathway.
Lewy bodies are alpha-synuclein protein clumps seen in Lewy Body
dementia only.
Which of the following symptoms is typically not seen until the end-stage of
Parkinson's disease progression?
Rigidity
Difficulty with balance
Dementia
Bradykinesia
Difficulty initiating movement
Which of the following has NOT been linked to the development of
Parkinson's disease?
Male gender
History of cardiovascular disease
Heavy metal inhalation and harsh chemical exposure
History of multiple concussions
Genetics
Which of the following tracts carries pain and temperature sensation?
Lateral corticospinal tract
Anterior corticospinal tract
Dorsal column medial lemniscus
Lateral spinothalamic tract
Pyramidal tracts
Which of the following findings are CORRECT in cases of Brown-sequard
syndrome?
Contralateral loss of pain and temperature sensation
Contralateral upper motor neuron paralysis and contralateral loss of
temperature sensation
Ipsilateral loss of pain and temperature sensation
, Contralateral upper motor neuron paralysis
Contralateral loss of proprioception and ipsilateral loss of pain sensation
Anterior cord syndrome leads to which of the following clinical findings?
Ipsilateral loss of pain sensations above the level of the lesion
Loss of deep touch and vibratory sensation below the level of the lesion
Contralateral loss of motor sensation above the level of the lesion
Loss of motor, pain, and temperature sensation at and below the lesion
Ipsilateral lower motor neuron paralysis
Which of the following is a classic symptom of cauda equina syndrome?
Urinary retention
Hyperreflexia
Neuropathic pain
Profound weakness
Saddle numbness
Which of the following features is NOT present in the cases of conus
medullaris syndrome?
Slow onset of symptoms
Weakness
Impotence
Bladder incontinence
Sensory loss in the perianal area
What is the definition of a transient ischemic attack (TIA)?
Hemorrhage in the brain
An interruption of blood flow to the entire brain
A temporary interruption of blood flow to a local portion of the brain
Uncontrolled electrical activity in the brain
Transient ischemic attacks (TIAs) can present similarly to other transient
neurological events. What are four other neurological events that may mimic a
TIA? Select all that apply.
, Migraine aura
Hyperglycemia
Syncope
Seizure
Subdural hematoma
Which of the following drug classes is known to cause myopathy as a side
effect?
First-generation antipsychotics
Niacin
Benzodiazepines
Statins
Tricyclic antidepressants
In the investigation of a neurological disease, a 3-part classification into
sensory versus motor versus sensorimotor involves what anatomic part(s)?
Peripheral nerves
Spinal cord
Muscles
Neuromuscular junctions
Brain
Which term is used to describe the beginning step with respect to initiation of
a seizure?
Paroxysmal depolarization shift
Decreased glutamate secretion
Increased inhibitory tone
Neuronal synchronization
Transition to ictus
Which statement is the most accurate when discussing the first step of seizure
initiation?
Decreased calcium-channel signaling causes a decrease in neuronal
excitement.
The electroencephalogram will show a slow wave followed by a spike.
