Ap Euro Ultimate study guide
Table of Contents
Key:
___= vocab
___= people
___= inventions
___= art
___=events
Chapters:
Table of Contents
Unit 1: Renaissance and exploration (1450-1648) (mid 15th century to mid 17th century)
Unit 2 Age of Reformation (1450-1648) (Mid 15th to Mid 17th century)
Unit 3 Absolutism and Constitutionalism (1648-1815) (mid 17th-early 19th)
Unit 4 Scientific, Philosophical, and Political Developments (1648-1815) (Mid 17th-
Early 19th)
Unit 5 Conflict, Crisis, and Reaction in the Late 18th Century (1648-1815) (Mid 17th to
early 19th)
Unit 6 Industrialization and its effects (1815-1914) (early 19th-early 20th)
Unit 7: 19th century perspectives on Political developments (1815-1914)(early
19th-early 20th)
Unit 8: 20th Century Global Conflicts (1914-present)
Unit 9: Cold War and Contemporary Europe (1945-present)
Time periods:
NOTE: Some heimler videos may not be available on the school
chromebook due to the Bloksi program
All credit to Heimlers History youtube channel for the content linked on
every subject
,Unit 1: Renaissance and exploration (1450-1648) (mid 15th century to
mid 17th century)
1.2 Italian Renaissance
Renaissance: rediscovery of classical texts of ancient Greece and Rome (among elite)
-much of the classical age teachings had died because lack of access and black death
● Petrarch (father of humanism) inspired by Cicero
-humanism: unlimited potential of humans
● Lorenzo valla (poster boy of philology)
-philology: study of languages
-he could question authority of doc. Based on age of doc.
● Giovanni Pico del Mirandola: wrote dignity of man
● Secularism: lack of religious belief
● Individualism: triumph of individuals as opposed to community
● Printing press: spread of ideas widely and quickly
● Education increased potential (humanism) (liberal studies)
● Civic humanism: applied to political and economic realities of state
Art
● Branched out beyond religious themes
● Naturalism: portrayed world as it was
● Geometric perspective
● Humanist influence (perfect human image)
1.3 Northern renaissance
● Printing press spread ideas to the North
● Thinkers in north retained religious thought
● Human centered Naturalism: scenes from ordinary life
Christian Humanism: Seeking out greek and roman classics as well as ancient religious writings
-Christian humanism led to an impulse for reform
● Erasmus: (wrote praise of folly)
-believed in education in the classics and bible
-philosophy of christ: individual morality and spirituality
1.4 The printing press
● Only small amount of elites heard petrarch's ideas but many heard erasmus’s ideas
because of printing press
● Invented by johannes gutenberg
-used movable type (wooden plats with metal letters)
● Growing literacy rate increased demand for books
● Chinese papermaking technology used for paper
● Ideas spread faster and wider because of printing press
-caused increase of literacy
-increased demand for vernacular literature (common language)
1.5 Rise of new monarchies
● Nobles had majority of power out of king and church
-power started to shift in this period
, ● New monarchs started to take power from nobles and church through
-top down religious reform (King Henry 8) (making himself head of church)
-treason act made it illegal to oppose the church of england
-elizabeth I and Act of Uniformity (must go to a church service once a week or pay
fine
-Only entity responsible for taxation and control of bureaucracy
-Ferdinand and Isabella consolidated power by establishing national taxes and a
bureaucracy
-concordat of bologna: Francis I and pope- pope got right to collect income but
francis got right to appoint church officials
-controlling religion of subjects (catholic and protestant)
-peace of augsburg in HRE the right to decide whether subjects would be catholic or
lutheran
● Other groups gaining power
-merchants and bankers
-medici family (italy): banking industry
-Fugar family (germany): banking industry
-rise of money economy meant all money was passing through their hands and
created a bond with them and monarch giving them power
● Rise of secular state (first in italian states)
-Machiavelli and republicanism: elected representatives make the laws and wield power
1.6 European exploration
Motivations
● Gold, God and Glory
-Mercantilism (wealth is pie) wealth is measured in gold and silver (more important than
exporting)
-colonies get gold and silver
-Jean baptiste colbert: (france) protective tariffs and booming french economy
-luxury goods from asia desired, ottomans in the way, wanted sea route
-God (wanted to spread christianity)
-spanish and reconquista (driving muslims and jews from spain)
-wanted catholicism to be above Protestantism
-Christianity became an instrument of control and subjugation in imperial powers
-Las Casas and others wanted rights for natives
-Glory (competition for power and establishments of empires were “points”)
-Maritime empires
● Technology
-cartographic advancements
-new ships (caravel) and sails (lateen)
-magnetic compass and astrolabe
1.7 Empires in age of Exploration
● Portugal
-had trouble with trade because of geographic location causing sea trade
, -vasco de gama went around Africa and established trading ports in indian ocean region
(trading post empire)
● Spain
-Columbus hired to sail west to asia but discovered Americas instead
-diseases made conquering native lands easy
● France
-alliances with indigenous groups and trade for fur
● England
-colonies against eastern America in order to compete economically with other states
-tobacco trade
● Dutch
-established some colonies in north america
-more interested in trade in indian ocean
● Tensions: Portugal owned anything south of Canary Islands (pope granted)
-Columbus discovered new islands south of canary islands but ferdinand and isabella
still wanted them
-portugal announced attack on islands to claim it
-spain appealed to pope and treaty of Tordesillas established peace
1.8 Columbian exchange and Colonial Expansion
● Columbian exchange: global transfer of goods, flora, fauna, cultural practices and
diseases between the old world and the new world as a result of european imperialism
● Stuff exchanged
-Diseases (Smallpox to natives) caused the great dying amongst natives
-food (maize tomatoes potatoes cacao into Europe)(Rice and wheat into Americas)
-Minerals (Gold and silver into Europe) (spain)
-people (african slave trade)
● Major economic growth hastened the end of feudalism and championed early forms of
capitalism
● Effects of Columbian exchange
-Power shifts from mediterranean states to atlantic states
-subjugation of people spain examples:(Casta system) (encomienda on natives)
1.9 African Slave Trade
● Causes
-establishment of plantation economy (cash crops) in colonies of new world (needed
laborers)
-Natives escaped and died leaving a plantation economy with no workers causing
shift to african laborers
-Africans already had relations with europeans meaning immunity to disease
● Effects
-Africans forced to endure middle passage (trip from africa to new world)
-may died and treaty terribly
1.10 Commercial Revolution
● Commercial Revolution: money became most desirable commodity in Europe instead of
land
Table of Contents
Key:
___= vocab
___= people
___= inventions
___= art
___=events
Chapters:
Table of Contents
Unit 1: Renaissance and exploration (1450-1648) (mid 15th century to mid 17th century)
Unit 2 Age of Reformation (1450-1648) (Mid 15th to Mid 17th century)
Unit 3 Absolutism and Constitutionalism (1648-1815) (mid 17th-early 19th)
Unit 4 Scientific, Philosophical, and Political Developments (1648-1815) (Mid 17th-
Early 19th)
Unit 5 Conflict, Crisis, and Reaction in the Late 18th Century (1648-1815) (Mid 17th to
early 19th)
Unit 6 Industrialization and its effects (1815-1914) (early 19th-early 20th)
Unit 7: 19th century perspectives on Political developments (1815-1914)(early
19th-early 20th)
Unit 8: 20th Century Global Conflicts (1914-present)
Unit 9: Cold War and Contemporary Europe (1945-present)
Time periods:
NOTE: Some heimler videos may not be available on the school
chromebook due to the Bloksi program
All credit to Heimlers History youtube channel for the content linked on
every subject
,Unit 1: Renaissance and exploration (1450-1648) (mid 15th century to
mid 17th century)
1.2 Italian Renaissance
Renaissance: rediscovery of classical texts of ancient Greece and Rome (among elite)
-much of the classical age teachings had died because lack of access and black death
● Petrarch (father of humanism) inspired by Cicero
-humanism: unlimited potential of humans
● Lorenzo valla (poster boy of philology)
-philology: study of languages
-he could question authority of doc. Based on age of doc.
● Giovanni Pico del Mirandola: wrote dignity of man
● Secularism: lack of religious belief
● Individualism: triumph of individuals as opposed to community
● Printing press: spread of ideas widely and quickly
● Education increased potential (humanism) (liberal studies)
● Civic humanism: applied to political and economic realities of state
Art
● Branched out beyond religious themes
● Naturalism: portrayed world as it was
● Geometric perspective
● Humanist influence (perfect human image)
1.3 Northern renaissance
● Printing press spread ideas to the North
● Thinkers in north retained religious thought
● Human centered Naturalism: scenes from ordinary life
Christian Humanism: Seeking out greek and roman classics as well as ancient religious writings
-Christian humanism led to an impulse for reform
● Erasmus: (wrote praise of folly)
-believed in education in the classics and bible
-philosophy of christ: individual morality and spirituality
1.4 The printing press
● Only small amount of elites heard petrarch's ideas but many heard erasmus’s ideas
because of printing press
● Invented by johannes gutenberg
-used movable type (wooden plats with metal letters)
● Growing literacy rate increased demand for books
● Chinese papermaking technology used for paper
● Ideas spread faster and wider because of printing press
-caused increase of literacy
-increased demand for vernacular literature (common language)
1.5 Rise of new monarchies
● Nobles had majority of power out of king and church
-power started to shift in this period
, ● New monarchs started to take power from nobles and church through
-top down religious reform (King Henry 8) (making himself head of church)
-treason act made it illegal to oppose the church of england
-elizabeth I and Act of Uniformity (must go to a church service once a week or pay
fine
-Only entity responsible for taxation and control of bureaucracy
-Ferdinand and Isabella consolidated power by establishing national taxes and a
bureaucracy
-concordat of bologna: Francis I and pope- pope got right to collect income but
francis got right to appoint church officials
-controlling religion of subjects (catholic and protestant)
-peace of augsburg in HRE the right to decide whether subjects would be catholic or
lutheran
● Other groups gaining power
-merchants and bankers
-medici family (italy): banking industry
-Fugar family (germany): banking industry
-rise of money economy meant all money was passing through their hands and
created a bond with them and monarch giving them power
● Rise of secular state (first in italian states)
-Machiavelli and republicanism: elected representatives make the laws and wield power
1.6 European exploration
Motivations
● Gold, God and Glory
-Mercantilism (wealth is pie) wealth is measured in gold and silver (more important than
exporting)
-colonies get gold and silver
-Jean baptiste colbert: (france) protective tariffs and booming french economy
-luxury goods from asia desired, ottomans in the way, wanted sea route
-God (wanted to spread christianity)
-spanish and reconquista (driving muslims and jews from spain)
-wanted catholicism to be above Protestantism
-Christianity became an instrument of control and subjugation in imperial powers
-Las Casas and others wanted rights for natives
-Glory (competition for power and establishments of empires were “points”)
-Maritime empires
● Technology
-cartographic advancements
-new ships (caravel) and sails (lateen)
-magnetic compass and astrolabe
1.7 Empires in age of Exploration
● Portugal
-had trouble with trade because of geographic location causing sea trade
, -vasco de gama went around Africa and established trading ports in indian ocean region
(trading post empire)
● Spain
-Columbus hired to sail west to asia but discovered Americas instead
-diseases made conquering native lands easy
● France
-alliances with indigenous groups and trade for fur
● England
-colonies against eastern America in order to compete economically with other states
-tobacco trade
● Dutch
-established some colonies in north america
-more interested in trade in indian ocean
● Tensions: Portugal owned anything south of Canary Islands (pope granted)
-Columbus discovered new islands south of canary islands but ferdinand and isabella
still wanted them
-portugal announced attack on islands to claim it
-spain appealed to pope and treaty of Tordesillas established peace
1.8 Columbian exchange and Colonial Expansion
● Columbian exchange: global transfer of goods, flora, fauna, cultural practices and
diseases between the old world and the new world as a result of european imperialism
● Stuff exchanged
-Diseases (Smallpox to natives) caused the great dying amongst natives
-food (maize tomatoes potatoes cacao into Europe)(Rice and wheat into Americas)
-Minerals (Gold and silver into Europe) (spain)
-people (african slave trade)
● Major economic growth hastened the end of feudalism and championed early forms of
capitalism
● Effects of Columbian exchange
-Power shifts from mediterranean states to atlantic states
-subjugation of people spain examples:(Casta system) (encomienda on natives)
1.9 African Slave Trade
● Causes
-establishment of plantation economy (cash crops) in colonies of new world (needed
laborers)
-Natives escaped and died leaving a plantation economy with no workers causing
shift to african laborers
-Africans already had relations with europeans meaning immunity to disease
● Effects
-Africans forced to endure middle passage (trip from africa to new world)
-may died and treaty terribly
1.10 Commercial Revolution
● Commercial Revolution: money became most desirable commodity in Europe instead of
land
