BIO 669 Exam 1 Questions and
Answers A+ Graded (2025)
Cytokines .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-signaling .molecules .that .regulate .innate .or
.adaptive .immunity .that .are .responsible .for .activating .other .cells .and .regulating
.the .inflammatory .response; .they .help .stimulate .the .response .to .infection .and
.tissue .damage .by .guiding .lymphocytes .and .leukocytes .toward .the .area .of
.damage, .stimulating .healing, .and .increasing .or .decreasing .inflammation; .there
.are .multiple .types .of .these .cells, .each .with .their .own .different .roles .in .the
.inflammatory .response
Chemokines .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-type .of .cytokines .that .are .synthesized .by
.many .cells .in .response .to .proinflammatory .cytokines .and .induce .chemotaxis .to
.promote .phagocytosis .and .wound .healing; .e.g. .monocyte/macrophage
.chemotactic .proteins, .macrophage .inflammatory .proteins, .and .neutrophils
Cells .that .synthesize .chemokines .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-macrophages,
.fibroblasts, .endothelial .cells
Interleukins .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-type .of .cytokine .made .by .white .blood .cells
.(produced .primarily .by .macrophages .and .lymphocytes) .in .response .to
.stimulation .of .pattern .recognition .receptors .(PRRs) .or .by .other .cytokines; .there
.are .many .different .types .of .these .cytokines
Interleukin-1 .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-pro-inflammatory .cytokine .(activates .and
.enhances .inflammatory .response) .that .induces .many .acute .phase .proteins .and
.is .an .endogenous .pyrogen
Endogenous .pyrogen .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-molecule .that .stimulates .fever .by
.resetting .the .hypothalamic .set .point, .setting .the .body's .temperature .set .point
.higher .so .that .initially .you .feel .cold .as .your .body .temperature .as .risen, .but
.then .as .the .fever .breaks .and .your .temperature .goes .back .down, .you .feel .hot
Interleukin-10 .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-anti-inflammatory .cytokine .that .is .primarily
.produced .by .lymphocytes .and .suppresses .the .growth .of .other .lymphocytes
.and .the .production .of .proinflammatory .cytokines .of .macrophages, .which .leads
.to .a .down-regulation .of .both .inflammatory .and .acquired .immune .response
,Tumor .necrosis .factor-alpha .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-cytokine .secreted .by
.macrophages .in .response .to .PAMPs .and .toll-like .receptor .recognition .that .is .a
.strong .inflammatory .mediator .and .a .key .regulatory .molecule .for .inflammation;
.induces .a .multitude .of .proinflammatory .effects
Effects .of .tumor .necrosis .factor-alpha .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-- .Induces .fever .by
.acting .as .an .endogenous .pyrogen .(also .produces .IL-1 .and .IL-6, .which .can .also
.both .induce/increase .fever)
- .Increases .synthesis .of .inflammatory .serum .proteins
- .Causes .muscle .wasting .(cachexia) .and .intravascular .thrombosis
- .Can .cause .granuloma .formation
TNF-A .and .biologic .agents .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-tumor .necrosis .factor .alpha .is
.the .target .of .many .biologic .agents .that .try .to .diminish .the .immune .response
.when .it .is .overexpressed/out .of .proportion; .since .TNF-A .enhances
.inflammation, .drugs .that .target .TNF-A .will .ramp .DOWN .the .inflammatory
.response; .e.g. .used .in .treatment .of .rheumatoid .arthritis, .psoriatic .arthritis,
.Crohn's .disease .(autoimmune .conditions .where .immune .system .is .too .active)
Interferon .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-cytokine .that .protects .against .viral .infections
.and .modulate .the .inflammatory .response
Interferons .alpha .and .beta .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Type .I .interferons .that .are
.produced .and .released .by .virally .infected .host .cells .in .response .to .viral
.double-stranded .RNA .and .other .viral .PAMPs .to .protect .neighboring .healthy
.cells; .don't .kill .viruses .directly
Interferon .gamma .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Type .II .interferon .that .is .produced
.primarily .by .lymphocytes .to .activate .macrophages, .which .results .in .increased
.capacity .to .kill .infectious .agents .like .viruses .(and .bacteria); .key .cytokine;
.increases .microbicidal .activity .of .macrophages
- .Plays .important .role .in .how .well .you .can .clear .infection
Mast .cells .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-white .blood .cells .that .are .the .most .important
.cellular .activator .of .the .inflammatory .response; .cellular .bags .of .granule
- .located .in .the .loose .connective .tissues .close .to .blood .vessels .(skin, .digestive
.lining, .and .respiratory .tract)
- .their .granules .contain .histamine, .cytokines, .serotonin, .and .chemotactic
.factors .that .when .released, .can .lead .to .a .significant .inflammatory .response
- .mediator .for .pollen, .allergic .rhinitis, .hay .fever, .etc.
Degranulation .of .mast .cells .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-most .common .activation .of
.mast .cell .chemical .release
- .the .release .of .the .contents .of .the .mast .cell .granules .(histamine, .serotonin,
.chemotactic .factors, .cytokines, .etc.) .in .response .to .a .receptor .being .engaged
.that .allows .for .the .stimulation .of .mast .cells
- .this .receptor .is .frequently .an .antibody .acting .as .a .receptor .(e.g. .IgE)
, - .IgE .binds .to .mast .cells, .causing .them .to .release .and .produce .a .very .strong,
.immediate, .acute .immune .response .(e.g. .allergic .asthma .and .other .allergic
.responses)
Basophils .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-granulocyte .found .in .the .BLOOD .that .most
.likely .act .the .same .way .as .mast .cells
- .least .prevalent .granulocyte
- .primary .role .unknown
Synthesis .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-method .of .mast .cell .release .in .which .mast
.cells .produce .and .release .new .mediators .in .response .to .a .stimulus
Histamine .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-chemical .stored .in .mast .cells .and .is .released
.during .degranulation .that .is .a .vasoactive .amine .(many .vascular .effects) .and
.causes:
- .temporary, .rapid .constriction .of .the .large .blood .vessels
- .dilation .of .the .postcapillary .venules .(resulting .in .increased .blood .flow .into .the
.mcirocirculation)
- .increased .vascular .permeability .due .to .the .retraction .of .endothelial .cells .lining
.the .capillaries
- .allows .fluid .and .proteins .to .leave .the .vasculature, .leaking .out .into .tissues,
.which .causes .redness, .swelling, .pain, .loss .of .function, .etc. .(inflammation!)
Why .do .antihistamines .not .reduce .all .inflammation? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-
Antihistamines .can .reduce .some .inflammation .(the .vascular .effects .caused .by
.histamine), .but .histamine .is .not .the .only .mediator .released .by .mast .cells.
.These .mediators .also .have .inflammatory .effects, .so .they .cannot .treat .all .of .the
.effects .of .inflammation, .only .the .ones .caused .by .histamine.
Neutrophil .chemotactic .factor .and .eosinophilic .chemotactic .factor .of
.anaphylaxis .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-chemotactic .factors .contained .in .mast .cell
.granules .and .released .during .degranulation .that .attract .eosinophils .and
.neutrophils, .promoting .inflammation
Phopholipase .A2 .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-mast .cell .synthesis .can .stimulate .the
.production .of .this .enzyme, .which .takes .the .phospholipids .from .many .cell
.membranes .an .dconverts .them .into .arachidonic .acid .and .platelet .activating
.factor
Arachidonic .acid .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-molecule .that .is .broken
.down/metabolized .into .cyclooxygenase .and .5-lipoxygenase; .these .metabolites
.play .key .roles .in .inflammation
Cyclooxygenase .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-enzyme .that .produces .prostaglandins
.from .arachidonic .acids; .targeted .by .NSAIDs .to .stop .inflammation .due .to
.prostaglandins .(e.g. .pain, .inflammation)
Answers A+ Graded (2025)
Cytokines .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-signaling .molecules .that .regulate .innate .or
.adaptive .immunity .that .are .responsible .for .activating .other .cells .and .regulating
.the .inflammatory .response; .they .help .stimulate .the .response .to .infection .and
.tissue .damage .by .guiding .lymphocytes .and .leukocytes .toward .the .area .of
.damage, .stimulating .healing, .and .increasing .or .decreasing .inflammation; .there
.are .multiple .types .of .these .cells, .each .with .their .own .different .roles .in .the
.inflammatory .response
Chemokines .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-type .of .cytokines .that .are .synthesized .by
.many .cells .in .response .to .proinflammatory .cytokines .and .induce .chemotaxis .to
.promote .phagocytosis .and .wound .healing; .e.g. .monocyte/macrophage
.chemotactic .proteins, .macrophage .inflammatory .proteins, .and .neutrophils
Cells .that .synthesize .chemokines .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-macrophages,
.fibroblasts, .endothelial .cells
Interleukins .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-type .of .cytokine .made .by .white .blood .cells
.(produced .primarily .by .macrophages .and .lymphocytes) .in .response .to
.stimulation .of .pattern .recognition .receptors .(PRRs) .or .by .other .cytokines; .there
.are .many .different .types .of .these .cytokines
Interleukin-1 .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-pro-inflammatory .cytokine .(activates .and
.enhances .inflammatory .response) .that .induces .many .acute .phase .proteins .and
.is .an .endogenous .pyrogen
Endogenous .pyrogen .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-molecule .that .stimulates .fever .by
.resetting .the .hypothalamic .set .point, .setting .the .body's .temperature .set .point
.higher .so .that .initially .you .feel .cold .as .your .body .temperature .as .risen, .but
.then .as .the .fever .breaks .and .your .temperature .goes .back .down, .you .feel .hot
Interleukin-10 .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-anti-inflammatory .cytokine .that .is .primarily
.produced .by .lymphocytes .and .suppresses .the .growth .of .other .lymphocytes
.and .the .production .of .proinflammatory .cytokines .of .macrophages, .which .leads
.to .a .down-regulation .of .both .inflammatory .and .acquired .immune .response
,Tumor .necrosis .factor-alpha .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-cytokine .secreted .by
.macrophages .in .response .to .PAMPs .and .toll-like .receptor .recognition .that .is .a
.strong .inflammatory .mediator .and .a .key .regulatory .molecule .for .inflammation;
.induces .a .multitude .of .proinflammatory .effects
Effects .of .tumor .necrosis .factor-alpha .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-- .Induces .fever .by
.acting .as .an .endogenous .pyrogen .(also .produces .IL-1 .and .IL-6, .which .can .also
.both .induce/increase .fever)
- .Increases .synthesis .of .inflammatory .serum .proteins
- .Causes .muscle .wasting .(cachexia) .and .intravascular .thrombosis
- .Can .cause .granuloma .formation
TNF-A .and .biologic .agents .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-tumor .necrosis .factor .alpha .is
.the .target .of .many .biologic .agents .that .try .to .diminish .the .immune .response
.when .it .is .overexpressed/out .of .proportion; .since .TNF-A .enhances
.inflammation, .drugs .that .target .TNF-A .will .ramp .DOWN .the .inflammatory
.response; .e.g. .used .in .treatment .of .rheumatoid .arthritis, .psoriatic .arthritis,
.Crohn's .disease .(autoimmune .conditions .where .immune .system .is .too .active)
Interferon .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-cytokine .that .protects .against .viral .infections
.and .modulate .the .inflammatory .response
Interferons .alpha .and .beta .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Type .I .interferons .that .are
.produced .and .released .by .virally .infected .host .cells .in .response .to .viral
.double-stranded .RNA .and .other .viral .PAMPs .to .protect .neighboring .healthy
.cells; .don't .kill .viruses .directly
Interferon .gamma .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-Type .II .interferon .that .is .produced
.primarily .by .lymphocytes .to .activate .macrophages, .which .results .in .increased
.capacity .to .kill .infectious .agents .like .viruses .(and .bacteria); .key .cytokine;
.increases .microbicidal .activity .of .macrophages
- .Plays .important .role .in .how .well .you .can .clear .infection
Mast .cells .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-white .blood .cells .that .are .the .most .important
.cellular .activator .of .the .inflammatory .response; .cellular .bags .of .granule
- .located .in .the .loose .connective .tissues .close .to .blood .vessels .(skin, .digestive
.lining, .and .respiratory .tract)
- .their .granules .contain .histamine, .cytokines, .serotonin, .and .chemotactic
.factors .that .when .released, .can .lead .to .a .significant .inflammatory .response
- .mediator .for .pollen, .allergic .rhinitis, .hay .fever, .etc.
Degranulation .of .mast .cells .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-most .common .activation .of
.mast .cell .chemical .release
- .the .release .of .the .contents .of .the .mast .cell .granules .(histamine, .serotonin,
.chemotactic .factors, .cytokines, .etc.) .in .response .to .a .receptor .being .engaged
.that .allows .for .the .stimulation .of .mast .cells
- .this .receptor .is .frequently .an .antibody .acting .as .a .receptor .(e.g. .IgE)
, - .IgE .binds .to .mast .cells, .causing .them .to .release .and .produce .a .very .strong,
.immediate, .acute .immune .response .(e.g. .allergic .asthma .and .other .allergic
.responses)
Basophils .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-granulocyte .found .in .the .BLOOD .that .most
.likely .act .the .same .way .as .mast .cells
- .least .prevalent .granulocyte
- .primary .role .unknown
Synthesis .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-method .of .mast .cell .release .in .which .mast
.cells .produce .and .release .new .mediators .in .response .to .a .stimulus
Histamine .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-chemical .stored .in .mast .cells .and .is .released
.during .degranulation .that .is .a .vasoactive .amine .(many .vascular .effects) .and
.causes:
- .temporary, .rapid .constriction .of .the .large .blood .vessels
- .dilation .of .the .postcapillary .venules .(resulting .in .increased .blood .flow .into .the
.mcirocirculation)
- .increased .vascular .permeability .due .to .the .retraction .of .endothelial .cells .lining
.the .capillaries
- .allows .fluid .and .proteins .to .leave .the .vasculature, .leaking .out .into .tissues,
.which .causes .redness, .swelling, .pain, .loss .of .function, .etc. .(inflammation!)
Why .do .antihistamines .not .reduce .all .inflammation? .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-
Antihistamines .can .reduce .some .inflammation .(the .vascular .effects .caused .by
.histamine), .but .histamine .is .not .the .only .mediator .released .by .mast .cells.
.These .mediators .also .have .inflammatory .effects, .so .they .cannot .treat .all .of .the
.effects .of .inflammation, .only .the .ones .caused .by .histamine.
Neutrophil .chemotactic .factor .and .eosinophilic .chemotactic .factor .of
.anaphylaxis .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-chemotactic .factors .contained .in .mast .cell
.granules .and .released .during .degranulation .that .attract .eosinophils .and
.neutrophils, .promoting .inflammation
Phopholipase .A2 .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-mast .cell .synthesis .can .stimulate .the
.production .of .this .enzyme, .which .takes .the .phospholipids .from .many .cell
.membranes .an .dconverts .them .into .arachidonic .acid .and .platelet .activating
.factor
Arachidonic .acid .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-molecule .that .is .broken
.down/metabolized .into .cyclooxygenase .and .5-lipoxygenase; .these .metabolites
.play .key .roles .in .inflammation
Cyclooxygenase .- .CORRECT .ANSWER-enzyme .that .produces .prostaglandins
.from .arachidonic .acids; .targeted .by .NSAIDs .to .stop .inflammation .due .to
.prostaglandins .(e.g. .pain, .inflammation)
