Grays Anatomy Ch. 1 The Body Exam
Questions and Answers
Gross Anatomy - answer- Without the aide of microsocope
Microscopic anatomy - answer- histology, is the study of cells and tissues using a
microscope.
primary techniques a student should use to learn anatomy - answer- Observation
and visualization
anatomy is derived from the Greek word temnein , meaning - answer- to cut
regional approach - answer- Each region of the body is studied separately and all
aspects of that region are studied at the same time. For example, if the thorax is to
be studied, all of its structures are examined. This includes the vasculature, the
nerves, the bones, the muscles, and all other structures and organs located in the
region of the body defined as the thorax
systemic approach - answer- each system of the body is studied and followed
throughout the entire body. For example, a study of the cardiovascular system looks
at the heart and all of the blood vessels in the body
Pros and Cons of regional and systemic approach - answer- The regional approach
works very well if the anatomy course involves cadaver dissection but falls short
when it comes to understanding the continuity of an entire system throughout the
body. Similarly, the systemic approach fosters an understanding of an entire system
throughout the body, but it is very difficult to coordinate this directly with a cadaver
dissection or to acquire sufficient detail.
The anatomical position - answer- The body is in the anatomical position when
standing upright with feet together, hands by the side and face looking forward. The
mouth is closed and the facial expression is neutral. The rim of bone under the eyes
is in the same horizontal plane as the top of the opening to the ear, and the eyes are
open and focused on something in the distance. The palms of the hands face
forward with the fingers straight and together and with the pad of the thumb turned
90° to the pads of the fingers. The toes point forward.
3 different planes - answer- Coronal planes are oriented vertically and divide the
body into anterior and posterior parts.
▪ Sagittal planes also are oriented vertically but are at right angles to the coronal
planes and divide the body into right and left parts. The plane that passes through
the center of the body dividing it into equal right and left halves is termed the median
sagittal plane .
▪ Transverse, horizontal , or axial planes divide the body into superior and inferior
parts.
, Anterior vs posterior - answer- ▪ Anterior (or ventral ) and posterior (or dorsal )
describe the position of structures relative to the "front" and "back" of the body. For
example, the nose is an anterior (ventral) structure, whereas the vertebral column is
a posterior (dorsal) structure. Also, the nose is anterior to the ears and the vertebral
column is posterior to the sternum.
Medial Vs. Latteral - answer- Medial and lateral describe the position of structures
relative to the median sagittal plane and the sides of the body. For example, the
thumb is lateral to the little finger. The nose is in the median sagittal plane and is
medial to the eyes, which are in turn medial to the external ears.
superior vs inferior - answer- Superior and inferior describe structures in reference to
the vertical axis of the body. For example, the head is superior to the shoulders and
the knee joint is inferior to the hip joint
proximal vs distal - answer- ▪ Proximal and distal are used with reference to being
closer to or farther from a structure's origin, particularly in the limbs. For example, the
hand is distal to the elbow joint. The glenohumeral joint is proximal to the elbow joint.
These terms are also used to describe the relative positions of branches along the
course of linear structures, such as airways, vessels, and nerves. For example, distal
branches occur farther away toward the ends of the system, whereas proximal
branches occur closer to and toward the origin of the system
superficial vs deep - answer- Two other terms used to describe the position of
structures in the body are superficial and deep . These terms are used to describe
the relative positions of two structures with respect to the surface of the body. For
example, the sternum is superficial to the heart, and the stomach is deep to the
abdominal wall.
Wilhelm Roentgen - answer- 1895 inventor of xray
How X-rays work - answer- X-rays are photons (a type of electromagnetic radiation)
and are generated from a complex X-ray tube, which is a type of cathode ray tube
( Fig. 1.2 ). The X-rays are then collimated (i.e., directed through lead-lined shutters
to stop them from fanning out) to the appropriate area, as determined by the
radiographic technician. As the X-rays pass through the body they are attenuated
(reduced in energy) by the tissues. Those X-rays that pass through the tissues
interact with the photographic film.
The bodys compnents reduce x-ray energy(attenuate) in different ways - answer- air
attenuates X-rays a little;
fat attenuates X-rays more than air but less than water; and
bone attenuates X-rays the most.
Bone appears white on film because...? - answer- It was exposed to the least
amount of xrays
Air is dark on film because....? - answer- It was exposed to the greatest number of x-
rays
Questions and Answers
Gross Anatomy - answer- Without the aide of microsocope
Microscopic anatomy - answer- histology, is the study of cells and tissues using a
microscope.
primary techniques a student should use to learn anatomy - answer- Observation
and visualization
anatomy is derived from the Greek word temnein , meaning - answer- to cut
regional approach - answer- Each region of the body is studied separately and all
aspects of that region are studied at the same time. For example, if the thorax is to
be studied, all of its structures are examined. This includes the vasculature, the
nerves, the bones, the muscles, and all other structures and organs located in the
region of the body defined as the thorax
systemic approach - answer- each system of the body is studied and followed
throughout the entire body. For example, a study of the cardiovascular system looks
at the heart and all of the blood vessels in the body
Pros and Cons of regional and systemic approach - answer- The regional approach
works very well if the anatomy course involves cadaver dissection but falls short
when it comes to understanding the continuity of an entire system throughout the
body. Similarly, the systemic approach fosters an understanding of an entire system
throughout the body, but it is very difficult to coordinate this directly with a cadaver
dissection or to acquire sufficient detail.
The anatomical position - answer- The body is in the anatomical position when
standing upright with feet together, hands by the side and face looking forward. The
mouth is closed and the facial expression is neutral. The rim of bone under the eyes
is in the same horizontal plane as the top of the opening to the ear, and the eyes are
open and focused on something in the distance. The palms of the hands face
forward with the fingers straight and together and with the pad of the thumb turned
90° to the pads of the fingers. The toes point forward.
3 different planes - answer- Coronal planes are oriented vertically and divide the
body into anterior and posterior parts.
▪ Sagittal planes also are oriented vertically but are at right angles to the coronal
planes and divide the body into right and left parts. The plane that passes through
the center of the body dividing it into equal right and left halves is termed the median
sagittal plane .
▪ Transverse, horizontal , or axial planes divide the body into superior and inferior
parts.
, Anterior vs posterior - answer- ▪ Anterior (or ventral ) and posterior (or dorsal )
describe the position of structures relative to the "front" and "back" of the body. For
example, the nose is an anterior (ventral) structure, whereas the vertebral column is
a posterior (dorsal) structure. Also, the nose is anterior to the ears and the vertebral
column is posterior to the sternum.
Medial Vs. Latteral - answer- Medial and lateral describe the position of structures
relative to the median sagittal plane and the sides of the body. For example, the
thumb is lateral to the little finger. The nose is in the median sagittal plane and is
medial to the eyes, which are in turn medial to the external ears.
superior vs inferior - answer- Superior and inferior describe structures in reference to
the vertical axis of the body. For example, the head is superior to the shoulders and
the knee joint is inferior to the hip joint
proximal vs distal - answer- ▪ Proximal and distal are used with reference to being
closer to or farther from a structure's origin, particularly in the limbs. For example, the
hand is distal to the elbow joint. The glenohumeral joint is proximal to the elbow joint.
These terms are also used to describe the relative positions of branches along the
course of linear structures, such as airways, vessels, and nerves. For example, distal
branches occur farther away toward the ends of the system, whereas proximal
branches occur closer to and toward the origin of the system
superficial vs deep - answer- Two other terms used to describe the position of
structures in the body are superficial and deep . These terms are used to describe
the relative positions of two structures with respect to the surface of the body. For
example, the sternum is superficial to the heart, and the stomach is deep to the
abdominal wall.
Wilhelm Roentgen - answer- 1895 inventor of xray
How X-rays work - answer- X-rays are photons (a type of electromagnetic radiation)
and are generated from a complex X-ray tube, which is a type of cathode ray tube
( Fig. 1.2 ). The X-rays are then collimated (i.e., directed through lead-lined shutters
to stop them from fanning out) to the appropriate area, as determined by the
radiographic technician. As the X-rays pass through the body they are attenuated
(reduced in energy) by the tissues. Those X-rays that pass through the tissues
interact with the photographic film.
The bodys compnents reduce x-ray energy(attenuate) in different ways - answer- air
attenuates X-rays a little;
fat attenuates X-rays more than air but less than water; and
bone attenuates X-rays the most.
Bone appears white on film because...? - answer- It was exposed to the least
amount of xrays
Air is dark on film because....? - answer- It was exposed to the greatest number of x-
rays
