FINAL EXAM - NURS 440 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE 2025/2026

FINAL EXAM - NURS 440 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED LATEST UPDATE 2025/2026 Barrier methods Contraceptives like condoms and diaphragms preventing sperm entry. Hormonal methods Birth control using hormones like progestin during lactation. Sterilization Permanent contraception methods: vasectomy and tubal ligation. Effectiveness of contraceptives Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) Correct use can achieve up to 99% effectiveness. Stimulates maturation of ovarian follicles from pituitary. Luteinizing Hormone (LH) Triggers ovulation; released from anterior pituitary. Estrogen Facilitates follicle maturation and prepares endometrial lining. Progesterone Maintains pregnancy and thickens cervical mucus. hCG Hormone indicating pregnancy; supports corpus luteum. Placenta Organ providing nutrients and oxygen to fetus. Umbilical cord Connects fetus to placenta; contains 1 vein, 2 arteries. Amniotic fluid Cushions fetus and maintains constant temperature. Physiological anemia of pregnancy Supine hypotensive syndrome Common pregnancy discomforts Presumptive signs of pregnancy Probable signs of pregnancy Positive signs of pregnancy Anemia due to increased blood volume during pregnancy. Hypotension from pressure on inferior vena cava. Includes nausea, heartburn, and back pain. Subjective symptoms like amenorrhea and nausea. Objective signs like positive pregnancy test. Confirmed by fetal heart tones or ultrasound. Nagele's Rule EDD calculated by LMP - 3 months + 7 days. G-P Gravida-Para; counts pregnancies and deliveries post-20 weeks. GTPAL Gravida, Term, Preterm, Abortions, Living children. Iron absorption Best absorbed with Vitamin C; avoid dairy. Folic acid recommendation Weight gain during pregnancy 0.4mg daily to prevent neural tube defects. Normal weight women should gain 25-35 pounds. Neural tube defects Congenital malformations prevented by adequate folic acid. Surfactant production Begins at 24 weeks; aids in lung function. Fetal movement First felt between 16-20 weeks of gestation. Intrauterine growth