NUR 440 CARDIAC EXAM ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED UPDATE 2025/2026

NUR 440 CARDIAC EXAM ACTUAL QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED UPDATE 2025/2026 Terms in this set (120) What are the 3 layers of tissue in the heart? epicardium, myocardium, endocardium epicardium outer layer of the heart myocardium muscular, middle layer of the heart endocardium inner lining of the heart How does blood flow in the heart? 1. Deoxygenated blood enters right atrium through Superior and Inferior Vena Cava 2. Blood enters right ventricle through tricuspid valve 3. Blood exits right ventricle through pulmonary valve and enters pulmonary artery 4. Left and right pulmonary arteries send blood to lungs, where gas exchange occurs 5. Oxygenated blood returns to heart via the pulmonary veins enters left atrium 6. Blood enters left ventricle through mitral valve 7. Blood exits left ventricle through aortic valve to enter aorta 8. Aorta distributes blood to body What is systole? phase when ventricles contract and eject blood What is diastole? ventricles relax and refill What are S1 and S2 heart sounds? S1- "LUB"-- closure of tricuspid and mitral valves when auscultated, lower pitched, softer, and longer S2- "DUB"-- closure of pulmonic and aortic valves when auscultated, shorter and higher pitched What are S3 and S4 heart sounds? S3 and S4 heart sounds are ventricular gallop and atrial gallop *typically an early indication of heart failure during the diastolic filling What does the cardiac conduction system consist of? Sinoatrial node (SA) Atrioventrical node (AV) Bundle of His Purkinje Fibers What is the sinoatiral node? What is the atrioventricular node? SA- The hearts natural pacemaker Sends around 60-100 electrical pushes per min, making the upper chambers of the heart beat AV- Collects an electrical pulse from the SA node, gathers it for a moment, then passes it to the ventricles making them beat (40-60 BPM) What is normal sinus rhythm? Rate: 60-100 BPM - All waveforms look alike - Regular rhythm - Every P has a QRS - PR interval: 0.12-0.20 sec QRS Complex: 0.6 to 0.10 sec What does the P wave represent? atrial depolarization (firing of the SA node) What does the Q wave represent? depolarization in the septum (the wall separating left vs. right side of the heart) - is the 1st downward wave of the QRS complex What does the R wave represent? the electrical stimulus as it passes through the main portion of it passes through the main portion of the ventricular walls - the largest wave in the QRS complex & during normal conduction What does the S wave represent? depolarization of purkinje fibers - the small negative wave following the large R wave What does the T wave represent? ventricular repolarization What is sinus bradycardia? rate 60 BPM What is sinus tachycardia? rate 101-150 BPM Sinus Bradycardia What are causes of sinus bradycardia? vomiting, hypoxia, hypothermia, effects of certain drugs (digitalis/Lanoxin, morphine) Who can sinus bradycardia be normal for? well conditioned athletes or ppl sleeping What does it mean when sinus brady is symptomatic? signs of decreased cardiac output - if HR falls significantly, cardiac compromise can occur What is tx for sinus brady? O2 IV access Admin drugs (Atropine) Sinus Tachycardia What is preload? afterload? preload = the amt of blood in the heart right before it beats afterload = the amt. of pressure the ventricles must exert to eject blood from the heart