NSG 252 Test 2: Fluid & Electrolytes
and Acid-Base balance Exam
Questions and Answers
Isotonic IV fluids - answer- • Normal Saline (0.9% NaCl)
• Lactated Ringer (LR)
• IV fluids are used to replace or maintain fluid
Hypotonic IV fluids - answer- -1/2 NS (0.45% NaCl)
-1/3 NS (0.33% NaCl)
-1/4 NS (0.225% NaCl)
-Pull water into cells "think fat hippo)
Hypertonic IV fluids - answer- 3% Saline
5% Saline
10% Dextrose in Water (D10W)
5% Dextrose in 0.9% Saline
5% Dextrose in 0.45% saline
5% Dextrose in Lactated Ringer's
**cause the CELL TO SHRINK.
What things go hand in hand? - answer- Perfusion and kidney function
7 functions of the kidneys - answer- "A WET BED"
A-Acid-base balance maintaining
W-Water balance maintaining
E-Electrolyte balance
T-Toxin removal
B-Blood pressure control
E-Erythropoietin making
D-D vitamin metabolism
Osmosis - answer- a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a
semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more
concentrated one, thus equalizing the concentrations on each side of the membrane.
Filtration - answer- A process that separates materials based on the size of their
particles.
Diffusion - answer- Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to
an area of lower concentration.
, What is the minimum amount of urine needed per day to excrete toxic waste
products? - answer- 400-600 mL per day
Insensible water loss - answer- --the loss of water not noticeable by a person, such
as through evaporation from the skin and exhalation from the lungs during breathing
--including through the skin/lungs/stool
**High fever, diarrhea, and hyperventilation lead to an increase in insensible water
loss
Edema - answer- puffy swelling of tissue from the accumulation of fluid
Third spacing - answer- the movement of intravascular fluid to nonvascular fluid
compartments, where it becomes trapped and useless
What does albumin do? - answer- It increases the intravascular colloid osmotic
pressure, "pulling" fluid back into the intravascular space, so that the fluid can move
to kidneys for excretion. It increases hydrostatic pressure.
**Sometimes patients need albumin as well as Lasix!
Sodium - answer- --Important for fluid balance
--Sodium can cause fluid shifts by osmosis
--Thirst is triggered by increased plasma osmolarity
Diet for kidney injury/kidney failure - answer- --Sometimes, a low-sodium diet is
given
Risks across the lifespan for kidney issues - answer- *Newborns: have reduced
kidney function, unable to communicate thirst, large body & lung surface area
(formula needs to be mixed properly--too much or too little can disrupt fluid balance
and electrolyte balance)
*Young children (example: 3 years old): prone to UTIs, inconsistent fluid intake
*Pregnancy: change in size of kidneys (elongation of ureters), increased GFR,
decreased osmotic pressure, excretion of glucose and protein in urine (can change
permeability of membranes, thus causing more excretion of liquid), more likely to
have UTIs
*Older adult: decreased thirst, decreased number of nephrons, decreased renal
reserve, and chronic medical conditions (such as diabetes, hypertension,
hypotension, autoimmune disorders), medications, and malabsorption. Interventions
include: encouraging adequate hydration, regular doctor visits, and regular blood
work
*Hospitalized patient: possible decreased ability to communicate, increased fluid
demands/IVF, NPO status, nephrotoxic medications (like contrast media).
Interventions include: monitor I&O, routine labs, performing physical assessment,
and encourage mobility
Risk factors for kidney disease - answer- --high blood pressure
and Acid-Base balance Exam
Questions and Answers
Isotonic IV fluids - answer- • Normal Saline (0.9% NaCl)
• Lactated Ringer (LR)
• IV fluids are used to replace or maintain fluid
Hypotonic IV fluids - answer- -1/2 NS (0.45% NaCl)
-1/3 NS (0.33% NaCl)
-1/4 NS (0.225% NaCl)
-Pull water into cells "think fat hippo)
Hypertonic IV fluids - answer- 3% Saline
5% Saline
10% Dextrose in Water (D10W)
5% Dextrose in 0.9% Saline
5% Dextrose in 0.45% saline
5% Dextrose in Lactated Ringer's
**cause the CELL TO SHRINK.
What things go hand in hand? - answer- Perfusion and kidney function
7 functions of the kidneys - answer- "A WET BED"
A-Acid-base balance maintaining
W-Water balance maintaining
E-Electrolyte balance
T-Toxin removal
B-Blood pressure control
E-Erythropoietin making
D-D vitamin metabolism
Osmosis - answer- a process by which molecules of a solvent tend to pass through a
semipermeable membrane from a less concentrated solution into a more
concentrated one, thus equalizing the concentrations on each side of the membrane.
Filtration - answer- A process that separates materials based on the size of their
particles.
Diffusion - answer- Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to
an area of lower concentration.
, What is the minimum amount of urine needed per day to excrete toxic waste
products? - answer- 400-600 mL per day
Insensible water loss - answer- --the loss of water not noticeable by a person, such
as through evaporation from the skin and exhalation from the lungs during breathing
--including through the skin/lungs/stool
**High fever, diarrhea, and hyperventilation lead to an increase in insensible water
loss
Edema - answer- puffy swelling of tissue from the accumulation of fluid
Third spacing - answer- the movement of intravascular fluid to nonvascular fluid
compartments, where it becomes trapped and useless
What does albumin do? - answer- It increases the intravascular colloid osmotic
pressure, "pulling" fluid back into the intravascular space, so that the fluid can move
to kidneys for excretion. It increases hydrostatic pressure.
**Sometimes patients need albumin as well as Lasix!
Sodium - answer- --Important for fluid balance
--Sodium can cause fluid shifts by osmosis
--Thirst is triggered by increased plasma osmolarity
Diet for kidney injury/kidney failure - answer- --Sometimes, a low-sodium diet is
given
Risks across the lifespan for kidney issues - answer- *Newborns: have reduced
kidney function, unable to communicate thirst, large body & lung surface area
(formula needs to be mixed properly--too much or too little can disrupt fluid balance
and electrolyte balance)
*Young children (example: 3 years old): prone to UTIs, inconsistent fluid intake
*Pregnancy: change in size of kidneys (elongation of ureters), increased GFR,
decreased osmotic pressure, excretion of glucose and protein in urine (can change
permeability of membranes, thus causing more excretion of liquid), more likely to
have UTIs
*Older adult: decreased thirst, decreased number of nephrons, decreased renal
reserve, and chronic medical conditions (such as diabetes, hypertension,
hypotension, autoimmune disorders), medications, and malabsorption. Interventions
include: encouraging adequate hydration, regular doctor visits, and regular blood
work
*Hospitalized patient: possible decreased ability to communicate, increased fluid
demands/IVF, NPO status, nephrotoxic medications (like contrast media).
Interventions include: monitor I&O, routine labs, performing physical assessment,
and encourage mobility
Risk factors for kidney disease - answer- --high blood pressure
