NURS 451 - CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENCE (EXAM 3) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED UPDATE GRADED A+ 2025/2026

NURS 451 - CHILDREN AND ADOLESCENCE (EXAM 3) QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS WITH COMPLETE SOLUTIONS VERIFIED UPDATE GRADED A+ 2025/2026 How prevalent is mental illness in childhood? 1/5 What are common misconceptions about children and mental illness? Children are simply small adults Childhood is a protection from stress What "normal" development is What are biological factors in the development of mental illness in childhood? Strengthening of neural connections in response to environmental stimuli, myelination of brain fibers, changes in volume and activity level in the brain, hormone interactions, development of prefrontal cortex, neurotransmitter imbalance What neurotransmitter imbalances can contribute to depression and suicide in childhood? Decreased serotonin and NE What neurotransmitter imbalances can contribute to mania and pathological fear in childhood? Increased serotonin and NE What can abnormalities in dopamine receptors and transporters play a role in? ADHD, addictions, schizophrenia What percent of adult psychiatric disorders have onset in childhood or adolescence? 75% What is a child raised by a depressed parent at risk for? Anxiety disorder Conduct disorder Alcohol dependence Does socioeconomic status affect risk for mental illness? Yes; low What is ASD characterized by? Severe and pervasive impairment in reciprocal social interaction and communication skills, usually accompanied by stereotyped behavior, interests and activities. What are the four main types of autism? Autism Asperger's syndrome Rett's disorder Childhood disintegrative disorder What is the etiology of autism? Unknown When is autism usually first observed? Before age 3 In what areas are children with autism affected socially? Deficits in social-emotional reciprocity, deficits in nonverbal communication, relationship issues How do children with autism respond to sensory input? Hypo or hyper sensitive What is high functioning autism? Asperger's When is Asperger's first observed? After 2 years old What are characteristics of Asperger's? Mildly impaired to normal cognition, may be restrictive/repetitive behaviors, idiosyncratic behaviors, difficulty with empathizing and relationships, seizure disorder What is Rett's disorder? Genetic neurodegenerative disorder of females w/ progressive impairment (e.g. language, head growth, coordination) after five months of normal development What condition is Asperger's associated with? Seizures When is the onset of Rett's syndrome? Before 4 What is Rett's syndrome associated with? Seizures How does Rett's affect intellect? Severe impairment What deficits occur in Rett's? Deceleration in head growth; loss of previously acquired hand skills and eventual stereotypical hand movements; loss of social engagement; poorly coordinated trunk or gait; severely impaired language skills What is childhood disintegrative disorder? Late-onset but severe autism When is the onset of childhood disintegrative disorder? 2-10 years What is the outcome of Rett's? Very poor What is the outcome of childhood disintegrative disorder? Very poor What are manifestations of childhood disintegrative disorder? Loss of expressive or receptive language, social skills, play, and bowel/bladder control