i. Define Aphasia
Aphasia is a neurological disorder that affects a person's ability to speak, understand,
read, or write language. It is usually caused by damage to the left hemisphere of the
brain, particularly the Broca’s area or Wernicke’s area, due to stroke, brain injury, or
neurological disease.
ii. Define Vertigo
Vertigo is a sensation of dizziness or spinning, even when a person is stationary. It is
caused by problems in the inner ear (vestibular system) or the brainstem. Conditions like
Meniere’s disease, vestibular neuritis, and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
(BPPV) are common causes.
iii. Define Cerebral Palsy
Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neuromuscular disorder that affects movement, muscle tone,
and posture. It is caused by brain damage that occurs before, during, or shortly after
birth. Symptoms vary but may include muscle stiffness, weak coordination, involuntary
movements, and speech difficulties.
iv. What Are the Features of Tonsils?
Tonsils are lymphoid tissues located at the back of the throat and help in immune
defense. Features include:
• Palatine tonsils (largest, on either side of the throat)
• Pharyngeal tonsils (Adenoids) (behind the nasal cavity)
• Lingual tonsils (base of the tongue)
• Part of the Waldeyer’s Ring, which forms the first line of immune defense
• Help trap bacteria, viruses, and foreign particles
, v. What Are the Functions of the Pharynx?
The pharynx serves as a muscular passage for both the digestive and respiratory
systems. Functions include:
1. Respiration – Passage of air from nose to lungs
2. Swallowing – Helps push food to the esophagus
3. Speech – Assists in sound modulation
4. Immune function – Houses tonsils for immune defense
5. Pressure regulation – Eustachian tube equalizes ear pressure
vi. What Are the Parts of the Palate?
The palate is the roof of the mouth, divided into:
1. Hard Palate: Bony anterior part that provides structure
2. Soft Palate: Muscular posterior part that helps in swallowing and speech
vii. What Are Extrinsic Muscles of the Tongue?
Extrinsic muscles of the tongue control tongue movement and are attached to bones
outside the tongue. These include:
1. Genioglossus – Moves tongue forward
2. Hyoglossus – Depresses the tongue
3. Styloglossus – Moves tongue upward and backward
4. Palatoglossus – Elevates the back of the tongue
viii. What Are the Muscles of the Scalp?
The scalp contains the occipitofrontalis muscle, which has two main parts:
1. Frontalis – Raises eyebrows and wrinkles forehead
2. Occipitalis – Moves the scalp backward
They are connected by the galea aponeurotica, a fibrous sheet.
Aphasia is a neurological disorder that affects a person's ability to speak, understand,
read, or write language. It is usually caused by damage to the left hemisphere of the
brain, particularly the Broca’s area or Wernicke’s area, due to stroke, brain injury, or
neurological disease.
ii. Define Vertigo
Vertigo is a sensation of dizziness or spinning, even when a person is stationary. It is
caused by problems in the inner ear (vestibular system) or the brainstem. Conditions like
Meniere’s disease, vestibular neuritis, and benign paroxysmal positional vertigo
(BPPV) are common causes.
iii. Define Cerebral Palsy
Cerebral Palsy (CP) is a neuromuscular disorder that affects movement, muscle tone,
and posture. It is caused by brain damage that occurs before, during, or shortly after
birth. Symptoms vary but may include muscle stiffness, weak coordination, involuntary
movements, and speech difficulties.
iv. What Are the Features of Tonsils?
Tonsils are lymphoid tissues located at the back of the throat and help in immune
defense. Features include:
• Palatine tonsils (largest, on either side of the throat)
• Pharyngeal tonsils (Adenoids) (behind the nasal cavity)
• Lingual tonsils (base of the tongue)
• Part of the Waldeyer’s Ring, which forms the first line of immune defense
• Help trap bacteria, viruses, and foreign particles
, v. What Are the Functions of the Pharynx?
The pharynx serves as a muscular passage for both the digestive and respiratory
systems. Functions include:
1. Respiration – Passage of air from nose to lungs
2. Swallowing – Helps push food to the esophagus
3. Speech – Assists in sound modulation
4. Immune function – Houses tonsils for immune defense
5. Pressure regulation – Eustachian tube equalizes ear pressure
vi. What Are the Parts of the Palate?
The palate is the roof of the mouth, divided into:
1. Hard Palate: Bony anterior part that provides structure
2. Soft Palate: Muscular posterior part that helps in swallowing and speech
vii. What Are Extrinsic Muscles of the Tongue?
Extrinsic muscles of the tongue control tongue movement and are attached to bones
outside the tongue. These include:
1. Genioglossus – Moves tongue forward
2. Hyoglossus – Depresses the tongue
3. Styloglossus – Moves tongue upward and backward
4. Palatoglossus – Elevates the back of the tongue
viii. What Are the Muscles of the Scalp?
The scalp contains the occipitofrontalis muscle, which has two main parts:
1. Frontalis – Raises eyebrows and wrinkles forehead
2. Occipitalis – Moves the scalp backward
They are connected by the galea aponeurotica, a fibrous sheet.
