Adult 3 (NUR 325) Exam 2 Cardiac
What is stenosis? - correct answer hardening or narrowing of a valve, it makes it difficult for
blood to flow past it, but bloods still flows normally through the heart
What is regurgitation? - correct answer blood moves backwards through the valve. The blood
moves both ways, in and out
What happens with Aortic Stentosis? - correct answer If there's sever aortic stenosis you will
not get as much blood flow through the body. The body will start shunting from less vital
organs to more vital. The SNS will kick in causing an increased HR, vasoconstriction, and the
kidneys won't get as well perfused so the RAS system will also kick in. People with AS could get
really bad hypertension. We want to be careful not to drop these patient's bps too much.
What is a heart murmur? - correct answer Abnormal heart sound due to a pathological valve,
blood goes over patho part of valve
When do you hear a heart murmur? - correct answer When blood is moving over the
pathological valve. (If it's a systolic murmur it's during the systolic phase of the pathological
valve. If it is diastolic, it's during the valve's diastole)
diastolic: heart filling with blood
systolic: heart is emptying
· 2 phases of diastole: passive and active; filling phase of ventricle (heart is filling with blood)
· Passive: continuously getting blood flow in either atrium
· Passive filling in left ventricle so much weight on valve so blood passive falls down to ventricle
· Active: atrial contract and squeeze and shoots rest of blood down there
· Systole: 3 phases: isovolumetric contraction; systolic ejection; isovolumetric relaxation (heart
is emptying)
· Iso contract: ventricles are getting ready to eject blood; starting to sqeeze; cross fit bar bell on
floor pick up and drop it- contraction
· Systolic ejection ventricle is contracting (pushing blood out)
· Iso relax: squeeze and eject blood so start to relax and blood goes off to rest of body
When do Ventricles contract? - correct answer RV relaxes during diastole. LV fills and relaxes
during diastole. LV contracts during systole, RV contracts during systole.
, what is the role of the atria - correct answer The atriums fill continuously and passively open
when there is too much pressure.
The atria of the heart receive blood returning to the heart from other areas of the body.
Right Atrium: Receives blood returning to the heart from the superior and inferior venae cavae.
The superior vena cava returns de-oxygenated blood from the head, neck, arm and chest
regions of the body to the right atrium. The inferior vena cava returns de-oxygenated blood
from the lower body regions (legs, back, abdomen and pelvis) to the right atrium.
Left Atrium: Receives blood returning to the heart from the pulmonary veins. The pulmonary
veins extend from the left atrium to the lungs and bring oxygen-rich blood back to the heart.
What's the most important cardiac parameter? - correct answer Pulse
What 3 main things generate a pulse and bP? - correct answer contractility, preload (volume,
blood), afterload (vascular tone,blood vessels)
What is stroke volume? - correct answer the amount of blood that's ejected out of the ventricle
with each heart beat
50-100
What is cardiac output? - correct answer the amount of blood ejected in a minute
4-8
What is the formula for cardiac output? - correct answer HR x SV
What is cardiac index? - correct answer individualized for a person's size. It's the same thing as
cardiac output, it's just more specific for how big a person is (body surface area)
What drugs help with increasing heart contractility? - correct answer dopamine, dobutamine,
and epinephrine
What does dopamine do? - correct answer When you give higher levels of dopamine (>10) it
causes vasoconstriction, dopamine less than 10 increases contractility and improves heart rate
Side Effects dopamine? - correct answer isotrope, help heart squeeze, watch for HTN
tachycardia, dysrhythmias, palpitations (chest pain)
What does dobutamine do? - correct answer isotrope; helps with contractility of the heart and
increases HR help heart squeeze, but not as much as dopamine
Side Effects dobutamine - correct answer tachycardia not as bad as dopamine, dysrhythmias,
hypotension
What does epinephrine do? - correct answer increases HR, increases contractility, increases
vasoconstriction, increase tone
What is stenosis? - correct answer hardening or narrowing of a valve, it makes it difficult for
blood to flow past it, but bloods still flows normally through the heart
What is regurgitation? - correct answer blood moves backwards through the valve. The blood
moves both ways, in and out
What happens with Aortic Stentosis? - correct answer If there's sever aortic stenosis you will
not get as much blood flow through the body. The body will start shunting from less vital
organs to more vital. The SNS will kick in causing an increased HR, vasoconstriction, and the
kidneys won't get as well perfused so the RAS system will also kick in. People with AS could get
really bad hypertension. We want to be careful not to drop these patient's bps too much.
What is a heart murmur? - correct answer Abnormal heart sound due to a pathological valve,
blood goes over patho part of valve
When do you hear a heart murmur? - correct answer When blood is moving over the
pathological valve. (If it's a systolic murmur it's during the systolic phase of the pathological
valve. If it is diastolic, it's during the valve's diastole)
diastolic: heart filling with blood
systolic: heart is emptying
· 2 phases of diastole: passive and active; filling phase of ventricle (heart is filling with blood)
· Passive: continuously getting blood flow in either atrium
· Passive filling in left ventricle so much weight on valve so blood passive falls down to ventricle
· Active: atrial contract and squeeze and shoots rest of blood down there
· Systole: 3 phases: isovolumetric contraction; systolic ejection; isovolumetric relaxation (heart
is emptying)
· Iso contract: ventricles are getting ready to eject blood; starting to sqeeze; cross fit bar bell on
floor pick up and drop it- contraction
· Systolic ejection ventricle is contracting (pushing blood out)
· Iso relax: squeeze and eject blood so start to relax and blood goes off to rest of body
When do Ventricles contract? - correct answer RV relaxes during diastole. LV fills and relaxes
during diastole. LV contracts during systole, RV contracts during systole.
, what is the role of the atria - correct answer The atriums fill continuously and passively open
when there is too much pressure.
The atria of the heart receive blood returning to the heart from other areas of the body.
Right Atrium: Receives blood returning to the heart from the superior and inferior venae cavae.
The superior vena cava returns de-oxygenated blood from the head, neck, arm and chest
regions of the body to the right atrium. The inferior vena cava returns de-oxygenated blood
from the lower body regions (legs, back, abdomen and pelvis) to the right atrium.
Left Atrium: Receives blood returning to the heart from the pulmonary veins. The pulmonary
veins extend from the left atrium to the lungs and bring oxygen-rich blood back to the heart.
What's the most important cardiac parameter? - correct answer Pulse
What 3 main things generate a pulse and bP? - correct answer contractility, preload (volume,
blood), afterload (vascular tone,blood vessels)
What is stroke volume? - correct answer the amount of blood that's ejected out of the ventricle
with each heart beat
50-100
What is cardiac output? - correct answer the amount of blood ejected in a minute
4-8
What is the formula for cardiac output? - correct answer HR x SV
What is cardiac index? - correct answer individualized for a person's size. It's the same thing as
cardiac output, it's just more specific for how big a person is (body surface area)
What drugs help with increasing heart contractility? - correct answer dopamine, dobutamine,
and epinephrine
What does dopamine do? - correct answer When you give higher levels of dopamine (>10) it
causes vasoconstriction, dopamine less than 10 increases contractility and improves heart rate
Side Effects dopamine? - correct answer isotrope, help heart squeeze, watch for HTN
tachycardia, dysrhythmias, palpitations (chest pain)
What does dobutamine do? - correct answer isotrope; helps with contractility of the heart and
increases HR help heart squeeze, but not as much as dopamine
Side Effects dobutamine - correct answer tachycardia not as bad as dopamine, dysrhythmias,
hypotension
What does epinephrine do? - correct answer increases HR, increases contractility, increases
vasoconstriction, increase tone
