ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY SUMMARIES (PRACTICE FOR
EXAM 1) 2025
Tissues, organs, and systems can be divided into two major body compartments. The — compartment
inside cells and the — compartment surrounding cells. Both compartments consist primarily of — and
are therefore referred to as
—. - ANSWER-Intracellular; extracellular; water; aqueous
Most of the total body water (about 65%) is in the — compartment, while about 35% is found in the —
compartment. The extracellular compartment is subdivided into two parts: the blood plasma and the
fluid that bathes the cells, which is known as
—. - ANSWER-Intracellular; extracellular; interstitial fluid
The plasma and interstitial fluid compartments communicate through the walls of —. The volume of
these two fluid compartments is regulated primarily by the —. There is also — communication between
the intracellular and extracellular compartments through the —
. - ANSWER-Blood capillaries; kidneys; selective; cell membrane
An increase in plasma glucose concentration—
- ANSWER-Stimulates the pancreatic islets to release insulin
Physiology is the study of —, or how the body works. Physiology encompasses everything from — within
cells to how the — as a whole manages all of the tasks necessary for life.
- ANSWER-Biological function; molecular mechanisms; organism
The emphasis in the study of physiology is on —, with questions that begin with — and answers that
involve cause-and-effect sequences.
- ANSWER-Mechanisms; how
Changes from a — result in a disturbance of homeostasis.
- ANSWER-Set point
If there is a change from the normal value in homeostasis, the — will direct the body's response. -
ANSWER-Integrating center
The — increases or decreases its action to help restore homeostasis.
- ANSWER-Effector
Changes in the body are detected by a(n)—, which sends the information to the spinal cord or brain. -
ANSWER-Sensor
The sympathetic nervous system can increase heart rate, while the parasympathetic nervous system can
decrease heart rate. This is an example of —
- ANSWER-Antagonistic effectors
What are the steps of the cell cycle that follow centriole replication?
- ANSWER-S > G2 > M
Synapsis is the side-by-side alignment of —
- ANSWER-homologous chromosomes
,ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY SUMMARIES (PRACTICE FOR
EXAM 1) 2025
At the end of meiosis I, each daughter cell is —
- ANSWER-haploid, and each chromosome consists of two chromatids
Which characteristic describes the plasma membrane of a cell?
- ANSWER-The cellular proteins can serve as antigens
Phagocytes are attracted by —
- ANSWER-phospholipids released by injured cells, components of the complement system and
chemical products of microorganisms
In phagocytosis, the digested contents are eliminated by which process? –
ANSWER-exocytosis
Which of the following is true of a lysosome?
A. It is found only in the bacterium being ingested
B. It is an organelle that makes a bacterium motile
C. It contains lysozyme and proteases, which digest bacteria
D. It contains enzymes specific to the receptors on the bacterium being eliminated –
ANSWER-C. It contains lysozyme and proteases, which digest bacteria
True or False: A phagosome containing the engulfed bacteria combines with a lysosome containing
enzymes to produce a phagolysosome
- ANSWER-True
The — modifies, packages, and sorts newly synthesized proteins
- ANSWER-Golgi apparatus
The — synthesizes proteins for secretion out of the cell and utilization in the cell
- ANSWER-Rough endoplasmic reticulum
The — synthesizes adenosine triphosphate, thus providing energy for the cell
- ANSWER-Mitochondrion
The — digests macromolecules, microorganisms, and old or damaged organelles
- ANSWER-Lysosome
What is the order of the phases of mitosis? –
ANSWER-Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (PMAT)
Arrange the following events in the proper order in which they occur during meiosis I
1. Separation of homologous chromosomes
2. Synapsis
3. Crossing over
4. Independent assortment
, ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY SUMMARIES (PRACTICE FOR
EXAM 1) 2025
- ANSWER-2,3,4,1
Number of cells produced by meiosis is — the number of cells produced by mitosis
- ANSWER-Twice
What is required before a protein can be degraded by the proteasome?
A. Digestion by the lysosome
B. Tagging with ubiquitin
C. Denaturing the protein
D. Movement into the Golgi complex –
ANSWER-B. Tagging with ubiquitin
Which of the following correctly describes chromatin?
A. Chromatin is directly responsible for translating RNA into new polypeptides
B. Chromatin contains the DNA of the cell bound to histones
C. Chromatin activation triggers receptor-mediated endocytosis
D. Chromatin forms when histones are removed from the DNA molecule
E. Chromatin condenses to form RNA –
ANSWER-B. Chromatin contains the DNA of the cell bound to histones
True or false: A change in the permeability or ion concentration will change the resting membrane
potential –
ANSWER-True
True or false: The molecules in a solid lump of sugar do not move
- ANSWER-False
True or false: Diffusion is one of the processes whereby materials are exchanged between a cell and its
environment
- ANSWER-True
True or false: Unlike simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion requires energy expenditure by the cell -
ANSWER-False
True or false: Facilitated diffusion requires a specific transporter for a specific molecule
- ANSWER-True
True or false: A 5% dextrose solution is hypotonic solution
- ANSWER-False
True or false: If a cell is placed in an isotonic solution, there will be no net movement of water -
ANSWER-True
True or false: The sodium-potassium pump is a trans-membrane protein - ANSWER-True
EXAM 1) 2025
Tissues, organs, and systems can be divided into two major body compartments. The — compartment
inside cells and the — compartment surrounding cells. Both compartments consist primarily of — and
are therefore referred to as
—. - ANSWER-Intracellular; extracellular; water; aqueous
Most of the total body water (about 65%) is in the — compartment, while about 35% is found in the —
compartment. The extracellular compartment is subdivided into two parts: the blood plasma and the
fluid that bathes the cells, which is known as
—. - ANSWER-Intracellular; extracellular; interstitial fluid
The plasma and interstitial fluid compartments communicate through the walls of —. The volume of
these two fluid compartments is regulated primarily by the —. There is also — communication between
the intracellular and extracellular compartments through the —
. - ANSWER-Blood capillaries; kidneys; selective; cell membrane
An increase in plasma glucose concentration—
- ANSWER-Stimulates the pancreatic islets to release insulin
Physiology is the study of —, or how the body works. Physiology encompasses everything from — within
cells to how the — as a whole manages all of the tasks necessary for life.
- ANSWER-Biological function; molecular mechanisms; organism
The emphasis in the study of physiology is on —, with questions that begin with — and answers that
involve cause-and-effect sequences.
- ANSWER-Mechanisms; how
Changes from a — result in a disturbance of homeostasis.
- ANSWER-Set point
If there is a change from the normal value in homeostasis, the — will direct the body's response. -
ANSWER-Integrating center
The — increases or decreases its action to help restore homeostasis.
- ANSWER-Effector
Changes in the body are detected by a(n)—, which sends the information to the spinal cord or brain. -
ANSWER-Sensor
The sympathetic nervous system can increase heart rate, while the parasympathetic nervous system can
decrease heart rate. This is an example of —
- ANSWER-Antagonistic effectors
What are the steps of the cell cycle that follow centriole replication?
- ANSWER-S > G2 > M
Synapsis is the side-by-side alignment of —
- ANSWER-homologous chromosomes
,ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY SUMMARIES (PRACTICE FOR
EXAM 1) 2025
At the end of meiosis I, each daughter cell is —
- ANSWER-haploid, and each chromosome consists of two chromatids
Which characteristic describes the plasma membrane of a cell?
- ANSWER-The cellular proteins can serve as antigens
Phagocytes are attracted by —
- ANSWER-phospholipids released by injured cells, components of the complement system and
chemical products of microorganisms
In phagocytosis, the digested contents are eliminated by which process? –
ANSWER-exocytosis
Which of the following is true of a lysosome?
A. It is found only in the bacterium being ingested
B. It is an organelle that makes a bacterium motile
C. It contains lysozyme and proteases, which digest bacteria
D. It contains enzymes specific to the receptors on the bacterium being eliminated –
ANSWER-C. It contains lysozyme and proteases, which digest bacteria
True or False: A phagosome containing the engulfed bacteria combines with a lysosome containing
enzymes to produce a phagolysosome
- ANSWER-True
The — modifies, packages, and sorts newly synthesized proteins
- ANSWER-Golgi apparatus
The — synthesizes proteins for secretion out of the cell and utilization in the cell
- ANSWER-Rough endoplasmic reticulum
The — synthesizes adenosine triphosphate, thus providing energy for the cell
- ANSWER-Mitochondrion
The — digests macromolecules, microorganisms, and old or damaged organelles
- ANSWER-Lysosome
What is the order of the phases of mitosis? –
ANSWER-Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase (PMAT)
Arrange the following events in the proper order in which they occur during meiosis I
1. Separation of homologous chromosomes
2. Synapsis
3. Crossing over
4. Independent assortment
, ANATOMY AND PHYSIOLOGY SUMMARIES (PRACTICE FOR
EXAM 1) 2025
- ANSWER-2,3,4,1
Number of cells produced by meiosis is — the number of cells produced by mitosis
- ANSWER-Twice
What is required before a protein can be degraded by the proteasome?
A. Digestion by the lysosome
B. Tagging with ubiquitin
C. Denaturing the protein
D. Movement into the Golgi complex –
ANSWER-B. Tagging with ubiquitin
Which of the following correctly describes chromatin?
A. Chromatin is directly responsible for translating RNA into new polypeptides
B. Chromatin contains the DNA of the cell bound to histones
C. Chromatin activation triggers receptor-mediated endocytosis
D. Chromatin forms when histones are removed from the DNA molecule
E. Chromatin condenses to form RNA –
ANSWER-B. Chromatin contains the DNA of the cell bound to histones
True or false: A change in the permeability or ion concentration will change the resting membrane
potential –
ANSWER-True
True or false: The molecules in a solid lump of sugar do not move
- ANSWER-False
True or false: Diffusion is one of the processes whereby materials are exchanged between a cell and its
environment
- ANSWER-True
True or false: Unlike simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion requires energy expenditure by the cell -
ANSWER-False
True or false: Facilitated diffusion requires a specific transporter for a specific molecule
- ANSWER-True
True or false: A 5% dextrose solution is hypotonic solution
- ANSWER-False
True or false: If a cell is placed in an isotonic solution, there will be no net movement of water -
ANSWER-True
True or false: The sodium-potassium pump is a trans-membrane protein - ANSWER-True
