CMN 568: Unit 4-GI Disorders Midterm
Examination with Guaranteed Pass
Solutions 2025\2026 Edition.
Risk Factors for GI Disorders - Answer - Family Hx of GI disorders.
- Chronic laxative use, alcohol use; tobacco use.
- Chronic high stress levels.
- Allergic reactions to food or medications.
- Long term GI conditions such as ulcerative colitis may predispose to colorectal cancer.
- Previous abdominal surgery or trauma may lead to adhesions.
- Neurologic disorders can impair movement, particularly with chewing and swallowing.
- Cardiac, respiratory, and endocrine disorders may lead to constipation.
- Diabetes mellitus may predispose to oral candida infections.
Abdominal Assessment - Answer - Inspect skin for color, abnormalities, contour, tautness, and
distention.
- Auscultate for bowel sounds.
- Percuss for air or solids.
- Palpate for tenderness.
Bowel Sounds - Answer - Auscultate bowel sounds before percussion and palpation.
- Normal bowel sounds occur 5 to 34 times a minute or every 5 to 15 seconds.
- Auscultate in all quadrants.
- Listen for at least 5 minutes in each quadrant before assuming sounds are absent.
Upper GI (Barium Swallow): Description - Answer An examination of the upper GI tract under
fluoroscopy performed after the client drinks barium sulfate.
Upper GI (Barium Swallow): Pre-Procedure - Answer Instruct the client to fast from foods and
fluids overnight prior to the study.
Upper GI (Barium Swallow): Post-Procedure - Answer - A laxative may be prescribed following
,Lower GI (Barium Enema): Description - Answer - A fluoroscopic and radiographic exam of the
large intestine after rectal instillation of barium sulfate.
- May be done with or without air.
Lower GI (Barium Enema): Pre-Procedure - Answer - Laxatives on the day prior to and morning
of the test.
- Liquid diet 1 day prior to and on the morning of the test.
Lower GI (Barium Enema): Post-Procedure - Answer - Increase fluid intake for 24 to 48 hours.
- Administer mild laxatives as prescribed to facilitate emptying of the barium.
- Monitor stool for passage of barium.
- Notify physician if a bowel movement does not occur within 2 days.
Gastroscopy: Description - Answer Insertion of an endoscopic instrument through the
esophagus into the stomach and upper portion of the small intestine to visualize the mucosal
lining.
Gastroscopy: Pre-Procedure - Answer - Obtain informed consent.
- Remove dentures.
- Administer sedative as prescribed.
- Obtain baseline vitals.
- Maintain NPO status for 12 hours prior to procedure.
Gastroscopy: Post-Procedure - Answer - Assess vital signs, respiratory, cardiac and neurological
status.
- Monitor for return of gag reflex; do not administer food or fluid until gag reflex returns.
- Monitor for signs of bleeding, as evidences by hypotension, pallor, and tachycardia.
- Monitor for perforation as evidenced by pain, tachypnea and rales.
Sigmoidoscopy: Description - Answer Endoscopic visualization of the sigmoid colon using a
sigmoidoscope.
, Sigmoidoscopy: Post-Procedure - Answer - Assess for side effects related to sedative if
administered.
- Normal activities and diet may be resumed.
- Notify physician if temperature is higher than 101F or if difficulty breathing, stomach pain, or
bright red rectal bleeding occurs.
Colonoscopy: Description - Answer A fiberoptic endoscopic study in which the lining of the
large intestine is visually examined.
Colonoscopy: Pre-Procedure - Answer - Obtain informed consent.
- Clear liquid diet for 48 hours prior to the test.
- Bowel preparation with laxatives on the evening prior to the test and an enema on the day of
the test.
Colonoscopy: Post-Procedure - Answer - Monitor vital signs.
- Monitor for medication side effects if sedation was administered.
- A normal diet may be resumed.
- Monitor for signs of colon perforation, as evidenced by abdominal pain or distention, malaise,
fever, purulent rectal drainage, or lower GI bleeding.
Gallbladder Studies - Answer - HIDA scan: radioactive material is injected into vein, and taken
up by GB.
- Ultrasound
- CT scan
- Cholangiography (percutaneous or endoscopic, as in ERCP; Endoscopic Retrograde
CholangioPancreatography).
Liver Biopsy: Description - Answer A needle (14 to 18 gauge) is inserted through the
abdominal wall to the lover to obtain a tissue sample for biopsy and microscopic examination.
Liver Biopsy: Pre-Procedure - Answer - Obtain informed consent.
- Assess hematological laboratory results.
- Administer sedative as prescribed.
- NPO after midnight on the day prior to the test.
Examination with Guaranteed Pass
Solutions 2025\2026 Edition.
Risk Factors for GI Disorders - Answer - Family Hx of GI disorders.
- Chronic laxative use, alcohol use; tobacco use.
- Chronic high stress levels.
- Allergic reactions to food or medications.
- Long term GI conditions such as ulcerative colitis may predispose to colorectal cancer.
- Previous abdominal surgery or trauma may lead to adhesions.
- Neurologic disorders can impair movement, particularly with chewing and swallowing.
- Cardiac, respiratory, and endocrine disorders may lead to constipation.
- Diabetes mellitus may predispose to oral candida infections.
Abdominal Assessment - Answer - Inspect skin for color, abnormalities, contour, tautness, and
distention.
- Auscultate for bowel sounds.
- Percuss for air or solids.
- Palpate for tenderness.
Bowel Sounds - Answer - Auscultate bowel sounds before percussion and palpation.
- Normal bowel sounds occur 5 to 34 times a minute or every 5 to 15 seconds.
- Auscultate in all quadrants.
- Listen for at least 5 minutes in each quadrant before assuming sounds are absent.
Upper GI (Barium Swallow): Description - Answer An examination of the upper GI tract under
fluoroscopy performed after the client drinks barium sulfate.
Upper GI (Barium Swallow): Pre-Procedure - Answer Instruct the client to fast from foods and
fluids overnight prior to the study.
Upper GI (Barium Swallow): Post-Procedure - Answer - A laxative may be prescribed following
,Lower GI (Barium Enema): Description - Answer - A fluoroscopic and radiographic exam of the
large intestine after rectal instillation of barium sulfate.
- May be done with or without air.
Lower GI (Barium Enema): Pre-Procedure - Answer - Laxatives on the day prior to and morning
of the test.
- Liquid diet 1 day prior to and on the morning of the test.
Lower GI (Barium Enema): Post-Procedure - Answer - Increase fluid intake for 24 to 48 hours.
- Administer mild laxatives as prescribed to facilitate emptying of the barium.
- Monitor stool for passage of barium.
- Notify physician if a bowel movement does not occur within 2 days.
Gastroscopy: Description - Answer Insertion of an endoscopic instrument through the
esophagus into the stomach and upper portion of the small intestine to visualize the mucosal
lining.
Gastroscopy: Pre-Procedure - Answer - Obtain informed consent.
- Remove dentures.
- Administer sedative as prescribed.
- Obtain baseline vitals.
- Maintain NPO status for 12 hours prior to procedure.
Gastroscopy: Post-Procedure - Answer - Assess vital signs, respiratory, cardiac and neurological
status.
- Monitor for return of gag reflex; do not administer food or fluid until gag reflex returns.
- Monitor for signs of bleeding, as evidences by hypotension, pallor, and tachycardia.
- Monitor for perforation as evidenced by pain, tachypnea and rales.
Sigmoidoscopy: Description - Answer Endoscopic visualization of the sigmoid colon using a
sigmoidoscope.
, Sigmoidoscopy: Post-Procedure - Answer - Assess for side effects related to sedative if
administered.
- Normal activities and diet may be resumed.
- Notify physician if temperature is higher than 101F or if difficulty breathing, stomach pain, or
bright red rectal bleeding occurs.
Colonoscopy: Description - Answer A fiberoptic endoscopic study in which the lining of the
large intestine is visually examined.
Colonoscopy: Pre-Procedure - Answer - Obtain informed consent.
- Clear liquid diet for 48 hours prior to the test.
- Bowel preparation with laxatives on the evening prior to the test and an enema on the day of
the test.
Colonoscopy: Post-Procedure - Answer - Monitor vital signs.
- Monitor for medication side effects if sedation was administered.
- A normal diet may be resumed.
- Monitor for signs of colon perforation, as evidenced by abdominal pain or distention, malaise,
fever, purulent rectal drainage, or lower GI bleeding.
Gallbladder Studies - Answer - HIDA scan: radioactive material is injected into vein, and taken
up by GB.
- Ultrasound
- CT scan
- Cholangiography (percutaneous or endoscopic, as in ERCP; Endoscopic Retrograde
CholangioPancreatography).
Liver Biopsy: Description - Answer A needle (14 to 18 gauge) is inserted through the
abdominal wall to the lover to obtain a tissue sample for biopsy and microscopic examination.
Liver Biopsy: Pre-Procedure - Answer - Obtain informed consent.
- Assess hematological laboratory results.
- Administer sedative as prescribed.
- NPO after midnight on the day prior to the test.
