CMN 568 – Study Guide, [2025-2027] – Complete exam preparation
material
What is the primary focus of services provided in pediatrics? - correct answer Preventive health
care and acute and chronic care management services for children and adolescents.
What is a key factor in developing a clinical relationship with pediatric patients and their
parents? - correct answer Patients and parents must experience the advice as valid and
effective.
What is anticipatory guidance in pediatrics? - correct answer Advice that must be age-
appropriate and timely.
What skills are important for pediatric healthcare providers? - correct answer Using age-
appropriate vocabulary, demonstrating commitment of time, showing respect for patient
concerns.
What does a comprehensive pediatric history include? - correct answer An amalgam of parents'
objective reporting, subjective interpretation of symptoms, and the child's own history.
Why is it essential to obtain history directly from the patient? - correct answer It provides
firsthand information and gives the child a degree of control over a potentially threatening
situation.
How can comprehensive questionnaires for parents benefit pediatric visits? - correct answer
They can reveal sensitive parts of the history and may be more productive than face-to-face
interviews.
What is the purpose of developmental and mental health screening in pediatrics? - correct
answer To save provider time and yield critical information when reviewed with a parent or
family member.
What should be included in an Electronic Medical Record (EMR) for pediatric patients? - correct
answer Demographic data, problem list, chronic medications, allergies, previous
hospitalizations, and immunization documentation.
What components are included in a comprehensive pediatric history? - correct answer The first
seven items are included on a summary sheet at the front of the medical record; items eight
and nine are dealt with at each acute or chronic care visit.
What is the importance of the pediatric physical examination? - correct answer It allows the
patient to become familiar with the examiner and establishes a non-threatening environment.
,What approach should be taken during a pediatric physical examination? - correct answer Use a
gentle, friendly manner and a quiet voice to help the child understand what is occurring.
When should the otoscopic examination be performed during a pediatric physical exam? -
correct answer It should be deferred until the end of the examination.
What is the significance of simple inspection in young children during a physical exam? - correct
answer It allows the examiner to assess development and parent-child interactions before the
formal exam begins.
How should clothing be removed during a pediatric examination? - correct answer Slowly and
gently, allowing the parent/child to assist to avoid threatening the child.
What is required during an adolescent pelvic examination? - correct answer A chaperone must
be present.
What should be assessed regarding vision and hearing in pediatric patients? - correct answer
Vision should be assessed at every health supervision visit, including common eye problems.
What common eye problems occur in preschoolers? - correct answer Refractive errors,
amblyopia, and strabismus.
What should be assessed regarding eye movement and alignment from birth? - correct answer
Movement and alignment of the eyes, with pupils and red reflexes examined.
What is the purpose of the red reflex examination? - correct answer To detect eye opacities
and retinal abnormalities.
At what age should a child be able to track or visually follow a moving object with both eyes? -
correct answer By 3 months of age.
When should formal testing of visual acuity be performed? - correct answer At age 3, using
tests like the tumbling E chart or picture tests.
How should each eye be tested during a vision screening? - correct answer Each eye is tested
separately, with the non-tested eye completely covered.
What is the criterion for credit during a vision test for children? - correct answer Credit is given
for any line the child gets more than 50% correct.
What should be done if a child is uncooperative during a vision test? - correct answer
Uncooperative children should be retested within 1 month; persistently uncooperative children
should be referred to an ophthalmologist.
What is the significance of a two-line discrepancy between the two eyes in children over 6 years
old? - correct answer Any two-line discrepancy, even within passing range (e.g., 20/20 in one
eye, 20/20 in the other), should be referred to an ophthalmologist.
,What screening tests are recommended for detecting strabismus in children? - correct answer
The corneal light reflex test at 3 months of age and the cover test at 6 months of age.
What should be done for preterm infants regarding retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)? - correct
answer Refer to an ophthalmologist for evaluation.
Why should children with Down Syndrome be referred to an ophthalmologist at 6 months of
age? - correct answer Due to increased risk for refractive error, strabismus, and cataracts.
What does the AAP Periodicity Schedule recommend for hearing screening? - correct answer
Routine hearing screening at 4, 5, 6, 8, and 10 years of age, and several times during
adolescence.
What is the impact of hearing loss on children? - correct answer It can lead to substantial
impairments in speech, language, and cognitive development.
What is the purpose of universal hearing screening for newborns? - correct answer To detect
significant bilateral hearing loss, which is a common major anomaly found at birth.
What methods are used for newborn hearing screening? - correct answer Otoacoustic
emissions or auditory brainstem-evoked responses.
What should be done if a newborn hearing screening test result is abnormal? - correct answer
Confirmatory auditory testing is required due to the possibility of false-positive results.
How should parental concerns about hearing be treated? - correct answer Parental concerns
have greater predictive value than results of informal tests and should be taken seriously.
What is the referral protocol for infants with hearing concerns up to age 4? - correct answer
Refer infants to an audiologist for testing if concerns arise.
What is the screening method for children over age 4? - correct answer Conventional screening
audiometry, where the child raises a hand when sound is heard, testing each ear at specific
frequencies.
What threshold levels indicate a referral for formal hearing evaluation? - correct answer
Threshold levels greater than 20 dB at any of the tested frequencies.
What common misconception can be mistaken for hearing loss in children? - correct answer
Inattention can be mistaken for hearing loss; hearing screening should be part of the attention
problems work-up.
What percentage of pediatrician office visits are acute-care visits? - correct answer Acute-care
visits account for 30% or more of general pediatrician office visits.
, What documentation should office staff complete for acute-care visits? - correct answer
Determine the reason for the visit, obtain a brief synopsis of symptoms, vital signs, and list
known drug allergies.
What should clinicians document during an acute-care visit? - correct answer Events related to
the presenting problem, supporting physical exam data, diagnosis, treatments, follow-up
instructions, immunization status, and age-appropriate health screening.
What is the purpose of prenatal visits in pediatric care? - correct answer To learn about a
family's expectations, concerns, and fears regarding anticipated birth, establish a relationship
between parents and pediatric providers, and identify high-risk situations.
What topics are discussed during prenatal visits? - correct answer Feeding choices and benefits
of breastfeeding, injury prevention (sleeping position, car seat use, managing colic), and
identifying potential high-risk situations (mental health issues, domestic violence history,
maternal medical problems).
What is the goal of a preparticipation physical examination (PPE) for sports? - correct answer
To identify medical conditions that would make sports participation unsafe, screen for
underlying illnesses, and recognize preexisting injuries or medical problems.
What vital signs are documented during a sports physical? - correct answer Blood pressure
screening and examination for obesity.
What respiratory and cardiac issues should be noted during a sports physical? - correct answer
Exercise-induced bronchospasm or anatomic heart disease, with EKG or pulmonary function
tests for suspected abnormalities.
What skin conditions should be checked for during a sports physical? - correct answer Evidence
of potentially contagious skin infections such as impetigo or molluscum.
What musculoskeletal aspects are evaluated during a sports physical? - correct answer All
major muscle groups, range of motion, and stability of neck, back, shoulders, hips, knees, and
ankles.
What counseling topics are important during a sports physical? - correct answer Risks of
concussions, dangers of performance-enhancing drugs, and the importance of appropriate
protective equipment.
What previous health issues should be discussed with patients during a sports physical? -
correct answer Previous cardiac, respiratory, musculoskeletal, or neurologic problems
associated with activity.
What is defined as a chronic disease in pediatric care? - correct answer An illness that has been
present for more than 3 months.
material
What is the primary focus of services provided in pediatrics? - correct answer Preventive health
care and acute and chronic care management services for children and adolescents.
What is a key factor in developing a clinical relationship with pediatric patients and their
parents? - correct answer Patients and parents must experience the advice as valid and
effective.
What is anticipatory guidance in pediatrics? - correct answer Advice that must be age-
appropriate and timely.
What skills are important for pediatric healthcare providers? - correct answer Using age-
appropriate vocabulary, demonstrating commitment of time, showing respect for patient
concerns.
What does a comprehensive pediatric history include? - correct answer An amalgam of parents'
objective reporting, subjective interpretation of symptoms, and the child's own history.
Why is it essential to obtain history directly from the patient? - correct answer It provides
firsthand information and gives the child a degree of control over a potentially threatening
situation.
How can comprehensive questionnaires for parents benefit pediatric visits? - correct answer
They can reveal sensitive parts of the history and may be more productive than face-to-face
interviews.
What is the purpose of developmental and mental health screening in pediatrics? - correct
answer To save provider time and yield critical information when reviewed with a parent or
family member.
What should be included in an Electronic Medical Record (EMR) for pediatric patients? - correct
answer Demographic data, problem list, chronic medications, allergies, previous
hospitalizations, and immunization documentation.
What components are included in a comprehensive pediatric history? - correct answer The first
seven items are included on a summary sheet at the front of the medical record; items eight
and nine are dealt with at each acute or chronic care visit.
What is the importance of the pediatric physical examination? - correct answer It allows the
patient to become familiar with the examiner and establishes a non-threatening environment.
,What approach should be taken during a pediatric physical examination? - correct answer Use a
gentle, friendly manner and a quiet voice to help the child understand what is occurring.
When should the otoscopic examination be performed during a pediatric physical exam? -
correct answer It should be deferred until the end of the examination.
What is the significance of simple inspection in young children during a physical exam? - correct
answer It allows the examiner to assess development and parent-child interactions before the
formal exam begins.
How should clothing be removed during a pediatric examination? - correct answer Slowly and
gently, allowing the parent/child to assist to avoid threatening the child.
What is required during an adolescent pelvic examination? - correct answer A chaperone must
be present.
What should be assessed regarding vision and hearing in pediatric patients? - correct answer
Vision should be assessed at every health supervision visit, including common eye problems.
What common eye problems occur in preschoolers? - correct answer Refractive errors,
amblyopia, and strabismus.
What should be assessed regarding eye movement and alignment from birth? - correct answer
Movement and alignment of the eyes, with pupils and red reflexes examined.
What is the purpose of the red reflex examination? - correct answer To detect eye opacities
and retinal abnormalities.
At what age should a child be able to track or visually follow a moving object with both eyes? -
correct answer By 3 months of age.
When should formal testing of visual acuity be performed? - correct answer At age 3, using
tests like the tumbling E chart or picture tests.
How should each eye be tested during a vision screening? - correct answer Each eye is tested
separately, with the non-tested eye completely covered.
What is the criterion for credit during a vision test for children? - correct answer Credit is given
for any line the child gets more than 50% correct.
What should be done if a child is uncooperative during a vision test? - correct answer
Uncooperative children should be retested within 1 month; persistently uncooperative children
should be referred to an ophthalmologist.
What is the significance of a two-line discrepancy between the two eyes in children over 6 years
old? - correct answer Any two-line discrepancy, even within passing range (e.g., 20/20 in one
eye, 20/20 in the other), should be referred to an ophthalmologist.
,What screening tests are recommended for detecting strabismus in children? - correct answer
The corneal light reflex test at 3 months of age and the cover test at 6 months of age.
What should be done for preterm infants regarding retinopathy of prematurity (ROP)? - correct
answer Refer to an ophthalmologist for evaluation.
Why should children with Down Syndrome be referred to an ophthalmologist at 6 months of
age? - correct answer Due to increased risk for refractive error, strabismus, and cataracts.
What does the AAP Periodicity Schedule recommend for hearing screening? - correct answer
Routine hearing screening at 4, 5, 6, 8, and 10 years of age, and several times during
adolescence.
What is the impact of hearing loss on children? - correct answer It can lead to substantial
impairments in speech, language, and cognitive development.
What is the purpose of universal hearing screening for newborns? - correct answer To detect
significant bilateral hearing loss, which is a common major anomaly found at birth.
What methods are used for newborn hearing screening? - correct answer Otoacoustic
emissions or auditory brainstem-evoked responses.
What should be done if a newborn hearing screening test result is abnormal? - correct answer
Confirmatory auditory testing is required due to the possibility of false-positive results.
How should parental concerns about hearing be treated? - correct answer Parental concerns
have greater predictive value than results of informal tests and should be taken seriously.
What is the referral protocol for infants with hearing concerns up to age 4? - correct answer
Refer infants to an audiologist for testing if concerns arise.
What is the screening method for children over age 4? - correct answer Conventional screening
audiometry, where the child raises a hand when sound is heard, testing each ear at specific
frequencies.
What threshold levels indicate a referral for formal hearing evaluation? - correct answer
Threshold levels greater than 20 dB at any of the tested frequencies.
What common misconception can be mistaken for hearing loss in children? - correct answer
Inattention can be mistaken for hearing loss; hearing screening should be part of the attention
problems work-up.
What percentage of pediatrician office visits are acute-care visits? - correct answer Acute-care
visits account for 30% or more of general pediatrician office visits.
, What documentation should office staff complete for acute-care visits? - correct answer
Determine the reason for the visit, obtain a brief synopsis of symptoms, vital signs, and list
known drug allergies.
What should clinicians document during an acute-care visit? - correct answer Events related to
the presenting problem, supporting physical exam data, diagnosis, treatments, follow-up
instructions, immunization status, and age-appropriate health screening.
What is the purpose of prenatal visits in pediatric care? - correct answer To learn about a
family's expectations, concerns, and fears regarding anticipated birth, establish a relationship
between parents and pediatric providers, and identify high-risk situations.
What topics are discussed during prenatal visits? - correct answer Feeding choices and benefits
of breastfeeding, injury prevention (sleeping position, car seat use, managing colic), and
identifying potential high-risk situations (mental health issues, domestic violence history,
maternal medical problems).
What is the goal of a preparticipation physical examination (PPE) for sports? - correct answer
To identify medical conditions that would make sports participation unsafe, screen for
underlying illnesses, and recognize preexisting injuries or medical problems.
What vital signs are documented during a sports physical? - correct answer Blood pressure
screening and examination for obesity.
What respiratory and cardiac issues should be noted during a sports physical? - correct answer
Exercise-induced bronchospasm or anatomic heart disease, with EKG or pulmonary function
tests for suspected abnormalities.
What skin conditions should be checked for during a sports physical? - correct answer Evidence
of potentially contagious skin infections such as impetigo or molluscum.
What musculoskeletal aspects are evaluated during a sports physical? - correct answer All
major muscle groups, range of motion, and stability of neck, back, shoulders, hips, knees, and
ankles.
What counseling topics are important during a sports physical? - correct answer Risks of
concussions, dangers of performance-enhancing drugs, and the importance of appropriate
protective equipment.
What previous health issues should be discussed with patients during a sports physical? -
correct answer Previous cardiac, respiratory, musculoskeletal, or neurologic problems
associated with activity.
What is defined as a chronic disease in pediatric care? - correct answer An illness that has been
present for more than 3 months.
