NURS 8022 EXAM 2 EXAM WITH
CORRECT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
2025
Hematopoiesis - CORRECT-ANSWERSProcess of blood cell production in adult bone marrow or
the liver and/or spleen of the fetus
Two stages
▪ Mitosis (proliferation)
▪ Maturation (differentiation)
Primary site of hematopoietic stem cells - CORRECT-ANSWERSBone marrow ("myeloid
tissue")
Difference between red and yellow bone marrow - CORRECT-ANSWERSRed marrow produces
RBCs, yellow marrow does not produce RBCs
Active bone marrow sites - CORRECT-ANSWERSpelvic bones
vertebrae
cranium
mandible
,sternum
ribs
humerus
femur
Factors that increase hematopoiesis - CORRECT-ANSWERS(1) conversion of yellow bone
marrow, which does not produce blood cells, to hematopoietic red marrow by the actions of
erythropoietin (a hormone that stimulates erythrocyte production)
(2) faster differentiation of progenitor cells
(3) faster proliferation of stem cells into progenitor cells
Erythropoiesis - CORRECT-ANSWERSproduction of RBCs
Sequence of erythropoiesis - CORRECT-ANSWERSPluripotent hematopoietic stem cell -->
committed Proerythroblast/Pronormoblast --> Erythroblast/Normoblast (Hgb synthesis
begins) --> Reticulocyte (nucleus is lost; 3 days spent in bone marrow, about 1 day in blood) -->
Erythrocyte
** aprox. 1% of RBCs are reticulocytes **
,In each step the quantity of hemoglobin increases and the nucleus decreases in size
Erythropoietin - CORRECT-ANSWERSA hormone produced and released by the kidney that
stimulates the production of red blood cells by the bone marrow
Always present in plasma
Released in response to low renal oxygenation
- NOT the # of RBCs but rather oxygen delivery
- e RBC production increases within 24 hours; life span 4-12 hours; increased RBC # in 5 days
- Given to dialysis and chemo patients
Reticulocytes - CORRECT-ANSWERS▪ Last immature form of erythroblast
▪ Contains polyribosomes (globin synthesis) and mitochondria (heme synthesis)
▪ 24-48 hours after leaving bone marrow for circulation, matures into erythrocyte
, - Loses polyribosomes and mitochondria
-Make up 1-2% of RBCs
- Last about 2 days in bone marrow and 1 day in blood continuing to mature
- During time of low HCT time in marrow decreased to as little as 1 day
▪ Reticulocyte count -- Indicates whether new RBCs are being produced; good indicator of
erythropoiesis
Renal oxygenation negative feedback loop - CORRECT-ANSWERS
Hemoglobin and its structure - CORRECT-ANSWERSOxygen-carrying protein of the
erythrocyte --> may carry up to 300 hgb molecules
Reversible deformity to be abvle to squeeze through the tiniest of capillaries
Each Hgb molecule has 2 pairs of different globin chains and 4 complexes of iron + heme
▪ Heme: large, flat, iron-protoporphyrin disk that is synthesized in the mitochondria and can
carry one molecule of oxygen
CORRECT QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
2025
Hematopoiesis - CORRECT-ANSWERSProcess of blood cell production in adult bone marrow or
the liver and/or spleen of the fetus
Two stages
▪ Mitosis (proliferation)
▪ Maturation (differentiation)
Primary site of hematopoietic stem cells - CORRECT-ANSWERSBone marrow ("myeloid
tissue")
Difference between red and yellow bone marrow - CORRECT-ANSWERSRed marrow produces
RBCs, yellow marrow does not produce RBCs
Active bone marrow sites - CORRECT-ANSWERSpelvic bones
vertebrae
cranium
mandible
,sternum
ribs
humerus
femur
Factors that increase hematopoiesis - CORRECT-ANSWERS(1) conversion of yellow bone
marrow, which does not produce blood cells, to hematopoietic red marrow by the actions of
erythropoietin (a hormone that stimulates erythrocyte production)
(2) faster differentiation of progenitor cells
(3) faster proliferation of stem cells into progenitor cells
Erythropoiesis - CORRECT-ANSWERSproduction of RBCs
Sequence of erythropoiesis - CORRECT-ANSWERSPluripotent hematopoietic stem cell -->
committed Proerythroblast/Pronormoblast --> Erythroblast/Normoblast (Hgb synthesis
begins) --> Reticulocyte (nucleus is lost; 3 days spent in bone marrow, about 1 day in blood) -->
Erythrocyte
** aprox. 1% of RBCs are reticulocytes **
,In each step the quantity of hemoglobin increases and the nucleus decreases in size
Erythropoietin - CORRECT-ANSWERSA hormone produced and released by the kidney that
stimulates the production of red blood cells by the bone marrow
Always present in plasma
Released in response to low renal oxygenation
- NOT the # of RBCs but rather oxygen delivery
- e RBC production increases within 24 hours; life span 4-12 hours; increased RBC # in 5 days
- Given to dialysis and chemo patients
Reticulocytes - CORRECT-ANSWERS▪ Last immature form of erythroblast
▪ Contains polyribosomes (globin synthesis) and mitochondria (heme synthesis)
▪ 24-48 hours after leaving bone marrow for circulation, matures into erythrocyte
, - Loses polyribosomes and mitochondria
-Make up 1-2% of RBCs
- Last about 2 days in bone marrow and 1 day in blood continuing to mature
- During time of low HCT time in marrow decreased to as little as 1 day
▪ Reticulocyte count -- Indicates whether new RBCs are being produced; good indicator of
erythropoiesis
Renal oxygenation negative feedback loop - CORRECT-ANSWERS
Hemoglobin and its structure - CORRECT-ANSWERSOxygen-carrying protein of the
erythrocyte --> may carry up to 300 hgb molecules
Reversible deformity to be abvle to squeeze through the tiniest of capillaries
Each Hgb molecule has 2 pairs of different globin chains and 4 complexes of iron + heme
▪ Heme: large, flat, iron-protoporphyrin disk that is synthesized in the mitochondria and can
carry one molecule of oxygen
