These M.Sc. level detailed notes on Action Potential and Nerve Impulse Transmission explain the molecular and physiological mechanisms of neuronal communication. The content covers: Electrochemical gradients and role of Na⁺/K⁺ ATPase in maintaining resting potential. Ion channels: ligand-gated vs. voltage-gated (Na⁺, K⁺, Ca²⁺, Cl⁻ specific). Graded potentials: receptor potentials, synaptic potentials, excitatory vs. inhibitory. Action potential: initiation at axon hillock, all-or-none principle, depolarization, repolarization, hyperpolarization. Sequential Na⁺ and K⁺ channel activity, refractory periods, and rapid conduction. Saltatory conduction in myelinated fibers vs. continuous conduction in unmyelinated axons. Nerve impulse transmission: presynaptic Ca²⁺ influx, vesicle fusion, neurotransmitter release, postsynaptic response. Clinical relevance: conduction speed, synaptic delays, and drug/toxin effects on ion channels. Perfect for M.Sc. Neuroscience, Zoology, Life Sciences students and for competitive exams (CSIR NET, GATE, ICMR, NEET PG, etc.).
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