Nervous System of Invertebrates – Hydra, Planaria, Earthworm & Insects (M.Sc. Zoology )

These detailed M.Sc. level notes explain the nervous system of invertebrates, highlighting their structural organization and functional aspects. The content includes: Sponges – absence of nervous system, cellular coordination. Hydra – diffuse nerve net/plexus with bidirectional impulse conduction. Planaria – paired longitudinal nerve cords, rudimentary brain. Earthworm – ventral nerve cord, segmental ganglia, supra- & sub-esophageal ganglia, commissures, and cranial nerves. Insects – highly developed nervous system with thoracic and abdominal ganglia, CNS, PNS, and sympathetic system. Organization of CNS, PNS, and sympathetic nerves in annelids & arthropods. Functional significance of ganglia, nerve fibers, and sensory/motor innervation. Ideal for M.Sc. Zoology, Life Sciences, and Invertebrate Biology students, as well as for exam preparation (CSIR NET, GATE, ICMR, etc.).