Inhoud
Introduction to European JHA integration................................................................................... 3
1. JHA policy areas................................................................................................................... 3
2. Principal JHA cooperation levels.......................................................................................... 3
3. council of Europe: development and mandate....................................................................4
4. council of Europe: judicial cooperation................................................................................ 5
5. Council of Europe: crime and criminal policy......................................................................5
6. EC/EU institutional framework............................................................................................. 5
7. European Economic Community......................................................................................... 6
Chapter 1: Schengen.................................................................................................................. 6
1. Background: CoE + EC/EU integration history.....................................................................6
2. Schengen............................................................................................................................ 6
2.1 Schengen 1.................................................................................................................... 6
2.2 Schengen 2.................................................................................................................... 7
2.1 Schengen: post-Amsterdam development.....................................................................8
2.2 Schengen: crises, challenges, resilience........................................................................9
Chapter 2: EPC and Maastricht Treaty...................................................................................... 11
1. European Political Co-operation........................................................................................ 11
2. TEU and Maastricht........................................................................................................... 12
2.1 three pillars.................................................................................................................. 12
2.2 JHA areas...................................................................................................................... 13
2.3 Decision-making........................................................................................................... 13
2.4 Legal instruments........................................................................................................ 14
3. Visual support: from EC/EPC to EU (Maastricht)................................................................14
Chapter 3: Amsterdam, Nice, Constitutional and Lisbon Treaties.............................................15
1. TEU: Post-Amsterdam........................................................................................................ 15
2. TEU: Post-Nice................................................................................................................... 18
3. European Constitution....................................................................................................... 18
4. EU: Post-Lisbon.................................................................................................................. 19
Chapter 4: EU institutions......................................................................................................... 20
1. European Council.............................................................................................................. 20
2. Council of the European Union.......................................................................................... 22
3. European Commission....................................................................................................... 23
4. European Parliament......................................................................................................... 24
5. Court of Justice of the European Union..............................................................................24
Chapter 5: EU justice and home affairs policies.......................................................................29
1. Market............................................................................................................................... 29
2. Intra and immigration....................................................................................................... 29
1
, 3. Asylum.............................................................................................................................. 31
4. Judicial cooperation........................................................................................................... 32
4.1 Horizontal..................................................................................................................... 32
4.2 Vertical......................................................................................................................... 33
5. Police cooperation............................................................................................................. 34
5.1 Horizontal..................................................................................................................... 34
5.2 vertical......................................................................................................................... 34
Chapter 6: Eu Foreign and Security Policy................................................................................ 35
Chapter 7: NATO and OSCE...................................................................................................... 39
1. Historical development..................................................................................................... 39
1.1 From alliance to treaty organisations...........................................................................39
1.2 Collective defence........................................................................................................ 39
1.3 Crisis management...................................................................................................... 40
1.4 Cooperative security.................................................................................................... 40
1.5 NATO-RUSSIA............................................................................................................... 41
2. Institutions........................................................................................................................ 42
3. Policy domains.................................................................................................................. 42
Chapter 8: Benelux and the Council Of Europe........................................................................43
1. Origin and development.................................................................................................... 43
2. Cooperation....................................................................................................................... 43
3. Institutional....................................................................................................................... 45
Chapter 9: Council of Europe.................................................................................................... 46
1. History............................................................................................................................... 46
2. Policy................................................................................................................................. 47
2.1 Human rights............................................................................................................... 47
2.2 Rule of law................................................................................................................... 47
2.3 Democratization........................................................................................................... 48
3. Institution.......................................................................................................................... 48
3.1 Parliamentary Assembly............................................................................................... 48
3.2 Committee of Ministers................................................................................................ 49
3.3 Secretariat - General.................................................................................................... 50
3.4 European Court of Human Rights.................................................................................50
3.5 European Commissioner for Human Rights..................................................................50
Chapter 10: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development..................................50
1. History............................................................................................................................... 50
2. Functioning........................................................................................................................ 51
3. Institutions........................................................................................................................ 51
Chapter 11: G7/G20 and FATF.................................................................................................. 51
1. G7/G20.............................................................................................................................. 51
2
, 1.1 History.......................................................................................................................... 51
1.2 Functioning.................................................................................................................. 52
1.3 Policy............................................................................................................................ 52
2. FATF................................................................................................................................... 53
2.1 History.......................................................................................................................... 53
2.2 Functioning.................................................................................................................. 53
Chapter 12: United Nations...................................................................................................... 54
1. History............................................................................................................................... 54
2. Policy................................................................................................................................. 54
2.1 Peace and security....................................................................................................... 54
2.2 Development................................................................................................................ 55
2.3 Human rights............................................................................................................... 55
2.4 Humanitarian affairs.................................................................................................... 55
2.5 International Law......................................................................................................... 56
3. Institutions........................................................................................................................ 56
3.1 General Assembly........................................................................................................ 56
3.2 Security Council........................................................................................................... 58
3.3 Tribunals....................................................................................................................... 58
3.4 EcoSoc: Economic and Social Council..........................................................................61
3.5 Secretary General........................................................................................................ 62
European and International Justice,
Home Affairs and Security Policy
Introduction to European JHA integration
1. JHA policy areas
Policy areas
- asylum, migration, border-crossing …
- (judicial cooperation in civil matters)
- criminal law/policy
- substantive criminal law
- criminal procedural law
- international co-operation in criminal matters
- judicial co-operation
- police and customs (law enforcement) co-operation
- ‘security’
2. Principal JHA cooperation levels
levels
3
, - Council of Europe (CoE) (limited unless for EIJHAS course)
- European Union (EU)
- Schengen (including Prüm)
- Benelux, NATO, OSCE, G7/G20, OECD, UN (EIJHAS course only)
- handbook: origin and historical development, institutional structure and functioning,
policy, (selective bibliography)
transversal European JHA integration overview
- during 5 joint classes
- transversal; cross-level character
- rationale: institutional and policy dynamics are interwoven
- not (entirely) following handbook/paragraph order
3. council of Europe: development and mandate
1948, Den Haag: ‘Congress of Europe’
- gathering
- result: council of Europe ‘49
1949: council of Europe
- in Strasbourg
1950 ECHR | ECtHR
- European convention of human rights
- First European instrument for the protection of human rights
- European court of human rights
today: 46 countries
- Russian Federation: 28 February 1996 - 15 March 2022 (suspension)
intergovernmental cooperation
- Between governments / states
- (not above, not supranational!!)
legal instruments
- conventions, resolutions, recommendation
- conventions: seemingly strong, still weaknesses
- weakness: states can freely decide to commit or not + can only come into effect
with a certain amount of ratifications
- states decide if they are binding (enough ratifications)
broad mandate, including penal matters (strafzaken)
judicial co-operation in criminal matters (mother conventions)
judicial co-operation in criminal matters & criminal policy (including aspects of substantive
criminal law and criminal procedural law) with regard to specific topics and/or particular
offences
- Mixed!! (substantive criminal law and criminal procedural law)
- (subst. crim. law = materieel strafrecht / crim. procedural law = strafprocesrecht)
4
Introduction to European JHA integration................................................................................... 3
1. JHA policy areas................................................................................................................... 3
2. Principal JHA cooperation levels.......................................................................................... 3
3. council of Europe: development and mandate....................................................................4
4. council of Europe: judicial cooperation................................................................................ 5
5. Council of Europe: crime and criminal policy......................................................................5
6. EC/EU institutional framework............................................................................................. 5
7. European Economic Community......................................................................................... 6
Chapter 1: Schengen.................................................................................................................. 6
1. Background: CoE + EC/EU integration history.....................................................................6
2. Schengen............................................................................................................................ 6
2.1 Schengen 1.................................................................................................................... 6
2.2 Schengen 2.................................................................................................................... 7
2.1 Schengen: post-Amsterdam development.....................................................................8
2.2 Schengen: crises, challenges, resilience........................................................................9
Chapter 2: EPC and Maastricht Treaty...................................................................................... 11
1. European Political Co-operation........................................................................................ 11
2. TEU and Maastricht........................................................................................................... 12
2.1 three pillars.................................................................................................................. 12
2.2 JHA areas...................................................................................................................... 13
2.3 Decision-making........................................................................................................... 13
2.4 Legal instruments........................................................................................................ 14
3. Visual support: from EC/EPC to EU (Maastricht)................................................................14
Chapter 3: Amsterdam, Nice, Constitutional and Lisbon Treaties.............................................15
1. TEU: Post-Amsterdam........................................................................................................ 15
2. TEU: Post-Nice................................................................................................................... 18
3. European Constitution....................................................................................................... 18
4. EU: Post-Lisbon.................................................................................................................. 19
Chapter 4: EU institutions......................................................................................................... 20
1. European Council.............................................................................................................. 20
2. Council of the European Union.......................................................................................... 22
3. European Commission....................................................................................................... 23
4. European Parliament......................................................................................................... 24
5. Court of Justice of the European Union..............................................................................24
Chapter 5: EU justice and home affairs policies.......................................................................29
1. Market............................................................................................................................... 29
2. Intra and immigration....................................................................................................... 29
1
, 3. Asylum.............................................................................................................................. 31
4. Judicial cooperation........................................................................................................... 32
4.1 Horizontal..................................................................................................................... 32
4.2 Vertical......................................................................................................................... 33
5. Police cooperation............................................................................................................. 34
5.1 Horizontal..................................................................................................................... 34
5.2 vertical......................................................................................................................... 34
Chapter 6: Eu Foreign and Security Policy................................................................................ 35
Chapter 7: NATO and OSCE...................................................................................................... 39
1. Historical development..................................................................................................... 39
1.1 From alliance to treaty organisations...........................................................................39
1.2 Collective defence........................................................................................................ 39
1.3 Crisis management...................................................................................................... 40
1.4 Cooperative security.................................................................................................... 40
1.5 NATO-RUSSIA............................................................................................................... 41
2. Institutions........................................................................................................................ 42
3. Policy domains.................................................................................................................. 42
Chapter 8: Benelux and the Council Of Europe........................................................................43
1. Origin and development.................................................................................................... 43
2. Cooperation....................................................................................................................... 43
3. Institutional....................................................................................................................... 45
Chapter 9: Council of Europe.................................................................................................... 46
1. History............................................................................................................................... 46
2. Policy................................................................................................................................. 47
2.1 Human rights............................................................................................................... 47
2.2 Rule of law................................................................................................................... 47
2.3 Democratization........................................................................................................... 48
3. Institution.......................................................................................................................... 48
3.1 Parliamentary Assembly............................................................................................... 48
3.2 Committee of Ministers................................................................................................ 49
3.3 Secretariat - General.................................................................................................... 50
3.4 European Court of Human Rights.................................................................................50
3.5 European Commissioner for Human Rights..................................................................50
Chapter 10: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development..................................50
1. History............................................................................................................................... 50
2. Functioning........................................................................................................................ 51
3. Institutions........................................................................................................................ 51
Chapter 11: G7/G20 and FATF.................................................................................................. 51
1. G7/G20.............................................................................................................................. 51
2
, 1.1 History.......................................................................................................................... 51
1.2 Functioning.................................................................................................................. 52
1.3 Policy............................................................................................................................ 52
2. FATF................................................................................................................................... 53
2.1 History.......................................................................................................................... 53
2.2 Functioning.................................................................................................................. 53
Chapter 12: United Nations...................................................................................................... 54
1. History............................................................................................................................... 54
2. Policy................................................................................................................................. 54
2.1 Peace and security....................................................................................................... 54
2.2 Development................................................................................................................ 55
2.3 Human rights............................................................................................................... 55
2.4 Humanitarian affairs.................................................................................................... 55
2.5 International Law......................................................................................................... 56
3. Institutions........................................................................................................................ 56
3.1 General Assembly........................................................................................................ 56
3.2 Security Council........................................................................................................... 58
3.3 Tribunals....................................................................................................................... 58
3.4 EcoSoc: Economic and Social Council..........................................................................61
3.5 Secretary General........................................................................................................ 62
European and International Justice,
Home Affairs and Security Policy
Introduction to European JHA integration
1. JHA policy areas
Policy areas
- asylum, migration, border-crossing …
- (judicial cooperation in civil matters)
- criminal law/policy
- substantive criminal law
- criminal procedural law
- international co-operation in criminal matters
- judicial co-operation
- police and customs (law enforcement) co-operation
- ‘security’
2. Principal JHA cooperation levels
levels
3
, - Council of Europe (CoE) (limited unless for EIJHAS course)
- European Union (EU)
- Schengen (including Prüm)
- Benelux, NATO, OSCE, G7/G20, OECD, UN (EIJHAS course only)
- handbook: origin and historical development, institutional structure and functioning,
policy, (selective bibliography)
transversal European JHA integration overview
- during 5 joint classes
- transversal; cross-level character
- rationale: institutional and policy dynamics are interwoven
- not (entirely) following handbook/paragraph order
3. council of Europe: development and mandate
1948, Den Haag: ‘Congress of Europe’
- gathering
- result: council of Europe ‘49
1949: council of Europe
- in Strasbourg
1950 ECHR | ECtHR
- European convention of human rights
- First European instrument for the protection of human rights
- European court of human rights
today: 46 countries
- Russian Federation: 28 February 1996 - 15 March 2022 (suspension)
intergovernmental cooperation
- Between governments / states
- (not above, not supranational!!)
legal instruments
- conventions, resolutions, recommendation
- conventions: seemingly strong, still weaknesses
- weakness: states can freely decide to commit or not + can only come into effect
with a certain amount of ratifications
- states decide if they are binding (enough ratifications)
broad mandate, including penal matters (strafzaken)
judicial co-operation in criminal matters (mother conventions)
judicial co-operation in criminal matters & criminal policy (including aspects of substantive
criminal law and criminal procedural law) with regard to specific topics and/or particular
offences
- Mixed!! (substantive criminal law and criminal procedural law)
- (subst. crim. law = materieel strafrecht / crim. procedural law = strafprocesrecht)
4
