Introduction to Psychology C180 Exam |51
Questions & Answers
Phineas Gage was involved in a serious railway construction accident in 1848. A steel rod
went through his left cheek and exited through the top of his head. After he recovered,
people who knew him noticed that his personality and behavior were different. Eventually,
descriptions of Gage before and after the accident provided evidence that the frontal lobe is
involved in executive functioning.
Which research method does the study of Gage represent? - -Case study
-Which statement about correlational research is true? - -Such research involves the
measurement of two variables.
-How can psychological researchers reduce the impact of their own biases? - -By collecting
all the data from experiments before running the statistics
-What is an example of maturation? - -An infant standing before walking
-According to Erikson, which developmental level is associated with the identity vs. role
confusion conflict? - -Adolescence
-A 50-year-old woman concludes that she is experiencing menopause.
Which symptoms likely led her to this conclusion? - -Night sweats and absence of menses
-Which cognitive ability can remain strong as people age if it is triggered by something in
the environment? - -Prospective memory
-Which age group generally has less intense anger, stress, and worry? - -Older adults
-What is the basic difference between attribution and cognitive dissonance? - -Unlike
attribution, cognitive dissonance involves the reduction of tension.
-A company's research department is under strong pressure to solve an urgent problem
with one of the company's products. In their urgency, the department's executives decide
to focus on one possible solution and refuse to consider alternatives.
Which group dynamic does this scenario best illustrate? - -Groupthink
-During a college's spirit week, students are arbitrarily assigned to two teams for a series
of competitive activities. Two friends are placed on separate teams and find their
friendship strains during the competition.
, Which phenomenon accounts for this strain? - -Outgroup bias
-Which term arose from research seeking to understand why a group of strangers are
unlikely to help another person in a moment of need? - -Bystander effect
-In Pavlov's original demonstration of classical conditioning, what did the dog's salivation
to the ringing of the bell represent? - -Conditioned response
-A person experiences extreme nausea following a first session of chemotherapy. The
nausea continues for approximately three days. The chemotherapy sessions are scheduled
at 7 a.m. each Monday for eight consecutive weeks. By session three, the person becomes
nauseated on the Sunday night before the therapy session.
Which statement about the nausea on Sunday night is true? - -It is a reflex behavior, which
is classically conditioned.
-Children in a second-grade class are expected to raise their hands and wait for the teacher
to call on them. One child disregards this rule and shouts out answers before other children
can respond. In order to shape the offending child's behavior, the teacher ignores the child
who calls out an answer but responds immediately whenever that child's hand is raised
prior to answering.
Which schedule of reinforcement is the teacher using to establish hand raising in the child
who previously failed to do so? - -Fixed ratio
-Which statement explains the relationship between working memory and short-term
memory? - -Constraints on working memory reduce the effectiveness of short-term
memory.
-A 50-year-old person who has not ridden a bicycle since childhood gets on a bicycle and
rides effortlessly without even thinking about it.
What type of memory is being used in this situation? - -Implicit memory
-A soccer coach begins ordering new equipment during first period of the school day. The
coach had made a list of the items for order before leaving for school but forgot the list at
home. Without the list, the coach is only able to remember the last items on the list.
However, during the afternoon, the coach remembers the initial items.
Which aspect of memory retrieval is the likely explanation? - -Serial position effect
-Nursing students are required to pass a series of written and practical exams before
graduation.
Which type of test is most likely to be used and why? - -An achievement test in order to
obtain information about what the candidate has learned
Questions & Answers
Phineas Gage was involved in a serious railway construction accident in 1848. A steel rod
went through his left cheek and exited through the top of his head. After he recovered,
people who knew him noticed that his personality and behavior were different. Eventually,
descriptions of Gage before and after the accident provided evidence that the frontal lobe is
involved in executive functioning.
Which research method does the study of Gage represent? - -Case study
-Which statement about correlational research is true? - -Such research involves the
measurement of two variables.
-How can psychological researchers reduce the impact of their own biases? - -By collecting
all the data from experiments before running the statistics
-What is an example of maturation? - -An infant standing before walking
-According to Erikson, which developmental level is associated with the identity vs. role
confusion conflict? - -Adolescence
-A 50-year-old woman concludes that she is experiencing menopause.
Which symptoms likely led her to this conclusion? - -Night sweats and absence of menses
-Which cognitive ability can remain strong as people age if it is triggered by something in
the environment? - -Prospective memory
-Which age group generally has less intense anger, stress, and worry? - -Older adults
-What is the basic difference between attribution and cognitive dissonance? - -Unlike
attribution, cognitive dissonance involves the reduction of tension.
-A company's research department is under strong pressure to solve an urgent problem
with one of the company's products. In their urgency, the department's executives decide
to focus on one possible solution and refuse to consider alternatives.
Which group dynamic does this scenario best illustrate? - -Groupthink
-During a college's spirit week, students are arbitrarily assigned to two teams for a series
of competitive activities. Two friends are placed on separate teams and find their
friendship strains during the competition.
, Which phenomenon accounts for this strain? - -Outgroup bias
-Which term arose from research seeking to understand why a group of strangers are
unlikely to help another person in a moment of need? - -Bystander effect
-In Pavlov's original demonstration of classical conditioning, what did the dog's salivation
to the ringing of the bell represent? - -Conditioned response
-A person experiences extreme nausea following a first session of chemotherapy. The
nausea continues for approximately three days. The chemotherapy sessions are scheduled
at 7 a.m. each Monday for eight consecutive weeks. By session three, the person becomes
nauseated on the Sunday night before the therapy session.
Which statement about the nausea on Sunday night is true? - -It is a reflex behavior, which
is classically conditioned.
-Children in a second-grade class are expected to raise their hands and wait for the teacher
to call on them. One child disregards this rule and shouts out answers before other children
can respond. In order to shape the offending child's behavior, the teacher ignores the child
who calls out an answer but responds immediately whenever that child's hand is raised
prior to answering.
Which schedule of reinforcement is the teacher using to establish hand raising in the child
who previously failed to do so? - -Fixed ratio
-Which statement explains the relationship between working memory and short-term
memory? - -Constraints on working memory reduce the effectiveness of short-term
memory.
-A 50-year-old person who has not ridden a bicycle since childhood gets on a bicycle and
rides effortlessly without even thinking about it.
What type of memory is being used in this situation? - -Implicit memory
-A soccer coach begins ordering new equipment during first period of the school day. The
coach had made a list of the items for order before leaving for school but forgot the list at
home. Without the list, the coach is only able to remember the last items on the list.
However, during the afternoon, the coach remembers the initial items.
Which aspect of memory retrieval is the likely explanation? - -Serial position effect
-Nursing students are required to pass a series of written and practical exams before
graduation.
Which type of test is most likely to be used and why? - -An achievement test in order to
obtain information about what the candidate has learned
