Biology 189 Exam 2 CSN |261 Questions and Answers
Dehydration Reaction - -A process by which two molecules become covalently bonded to
each other, with the loss of a water molecule which synthesizes a polymer
-Dimer - -A chemical compound composed of two identical or similar subunits or
monomers
-Hydrolysis - -A process by which polymers are disassembled to monomers with the
addition of a water molecule, with a hydrogen from water attaching to one monomer and
the hydroxyl group attaching to the other
-Macromolecules - -A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually
by a dehydration reaction. Ex. Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
-Monomers - -Smaller molecules that are the repeating units that serve as the building
blocks of a polymer
-Oligomer - -A molecule that consists of a relatively small and specifiable number of
monomers (usually less than five)
-Polymer - -A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked
together by covalent bonds
-Carboxyl Group - -A carbonyl group (C=O) that has a hydroxyl group (O-H) attached to
the carbon atom
-Cellulose - -A structural polysaccharide that is a major component of the tough walls that
enclose plant cells. It's a polymer of glucose, but in contrast to starch.
-Glycogen - -An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver or
muscle of animals. The animal equivalent of starch
-Glucose - -The most common monosaccharide. It is of central importance in the chemistry
of life
-Oligosachrides - -A saccharide polymer containing a small number (typically three to ten)
of monosaccharides (simple sugars).
-Starch - -A storage polysaccharide in plants. Consisting entirely of (alpha) glucose
monomers joined by a glycosidic linkages.
-Cholesterol - -A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and
acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids, such
,as many hormones. It is synthesized in the liver and is also obtained from the diet. Major
sterol
-Estradiol - -A steroid hormone that stimulates the development and maintenance of the
female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics
-Fat - -A lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule, also called
triacylglycerol.
-Fatty Acid - -A carboxylic acid with a long carbon chain. They vary in length (usually 16 or
18 carbons) and in the number and location of double bonds. (The carbon at one end of the
skeleton is part of a carboxyl group, the functional group that gives these molecules the
name fatty ACID)
-Glycerol - -A propane molecule attached to three hydroxyl (OH) groups. Obtained from
animal fats and oils, also used as a solvent sweetener and antifreeze
-Phospholipid - -A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate
group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail, while the
rest of the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head.
-Phospholipid Bilayer - -A thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules.
These membranes are flat sheets that form a continuous barrier around all cells.
-Sterol - -Regulates biological processes and sustain the domain structure of cell
membrane where they are considered as a membrane reinforces
-Triacylglycerol - -Lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also
called a fat or triglyceride
-Amino Acids - -Organic molecules that have both a carboxyl group and an amino group.
Serves as the monomers of polypeptides.
-Amino Group - -A chemical group consisting of a nitrogen atom bounded to two hydrogen
atoms; can act a a base in solution. Accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a charge of 1+
-Disulfide Bridges - -Covalent bonds that form where two cysteine monomers, which have
sulfhydryl groups on their side chains, are brought close together by the folding of the
protein.
-Gene Expression - -DNA directs RNA synthesis and, through RNA, controls protein
synthesis
-Peptide Bond - -The covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and
the amino group on another, formed by dehydration reaction, which form amino acid
polymers (polypeptides).
, -Polypeptide - -A polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds
-Renaturation - -The conversion of denatured protein or nucleic acid to its native
configuration
-R Group - -An abbreviation for any group in which a carbon or hydrogen atom is attached
to the rest of the molecule.
-Side Chains - -A group of molecules attached to a backbone chain of a long molecule.
-Sickle-Cell Disease - -An inherited blood disorder, caused by the substitution of one
amino acid (valine) for the normal one (glutamic acid) at a particular position in the
primary structure of hemoglobin
-Subunit - -Biochemical molecules comprised of distinct components
-Disaccharide Molecule - -
-DNA vs. RNA - -
-Monosaccaride molecule - -
-Fatty Acid Molecule - -
-Triacylglycerol Molecule - -
-steroid Molecule - -
-Estradiol and Testosterone - -
-Amino Acid Molecule - -
-Phospholipid Saturated - -
-Renaturation and Denaturation Protein - -
-DNA Molecule - -
-DNA Replication Molecule - -
-RNA Molecule - -
-Receptor proteins - -Allows a virus to enter cells
-Glucose Molecule - -
Dehydration Reaction - -A process by which two molecules become covalently bonded to
each other, with the loss of a water molecule which synthesizes a polymer
-Dimer - -A chemical compound composed of two identical or similar subunits or
monomers
-Hydrolysis - -A process by which polymers are disassembled to monomers with the
addition of a water molecule, with a hydrogen from water attaching to one monomer and
the hydroxyl group attaching to the other
-Macromolecules - -A giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually
by a dehydration reaction. Ex. Carbohydrates, Proteins, Nucleic Acids
-Monomers - -Smaller molecules that are the repeating units that serve as the building
blocks of a polymer
-Oligomer - -A molecule that consists of a relatively small and specifiable number of
monomers (usually less than five)
-Polymer - -A long molecule consisting of many similar or identical monomers linked
together by covalent bonds
-Carboxyl Group - -A carbonyl group (C=O) that has a hydroxyl group (O-H) attached to
the carbon atom
-Cellulose - -A structural polysaccharide that is a major component of the tough walls that
enclose plant cells. It's a polymer of glucose, but in contrast to starch.
-Glycogen - -An extensively branched glucose storage polysaccharide found in the liver or
muscle of animals. The animal equivalent of starch
-Glucose - -The most common monosaccharide. It is of central importance in the chemistry
of life
-Oligosachrides - -A saccharide polymer containing a small number (typically three to ten)
of monosaccharides (simple sugars).
-Starch - -A storage polysaccharide in plants. Consisting entirely of (alpha) glucose
monomers joined by a glycosidic linkages.
-Cholesterol - -A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and
acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids, such
,as many hormones. It is synthesized in the liver and is also obtained from the diet. Major
sterol
-Estradiol - -A steroid hormone that stimulates the development and maintenance of the
female reproductive system and secondary sex characteristics
-Fat - -A lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule, also called
triacylglycerol.
-Fatty Acid - -A carboxylic acid with a long carbon chain. They vary in length (usually 16 or
18 carbons) and in the number and location of double bonds. (The carbon at one end of the
skeleton is part of a carboxyl group, the functional group that gives these molecules the
name fatty ACID)
-Glycerol - -A propane molecule attached to three hydroxyl (OH) groups. Obtained from
animal fats and oils, also used as a solvent sweetener and antifreeze
-Phospholipid - -A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate
group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act a nonpolar, hydrophobic tail, while the
rest of the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head.
-Phospholipid Bilayer - -A thin polar membrane made of two layers of lipid molecules.
These membranes are flat sheets that form a continuous barrier around all cells.
-Sterol - -Regulates biological processes and sustain the domain structure of cell
membrane where they are considered as a membrane reinforces
-Triacylglycerol - -Lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also
called a fat or triglyceride
-Amino Acids - -Organic molecules that have both a carboxyl group and an amino group.
Serves as the monomers of polypeptides.
-Amino Group - -A chemical group consisting of a nitrogen atom bounded to two hydrogen
atoms; can act a a base in solution. Accepting a hydrogen ion and acquiring a charge of 1+
-Disulfide Bridges - -Covalent bonds that form where two cysteine monomers, which have
sulfhydryl groups on their side chains, are brought close together by the folding of the
protein.
-Gene Expression - -DNA directs RNA synthesis and, through RNA, controls protein
synthesis
-Peptide Bond - -The covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and
the amino group on another, formed by dehydration reaction, which form amino acid
polymers (polypeptides).
, -Polypeptide - -A polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds
-Renaturation - -The conversion of denatured protein or nucleic acid to its native
configuration
-R Group - -An abbreviation for any group in which a carbon or hydrogen atom is attached
to the rest of the molecule.
-Side Chains - -A group of molecules attached to a backbone chain of a long molecule.
-Sickle-Cell Disease - -An inherited blood disorder, caused by the substitution of one
amino acid (valine) for the normal one (glutamic acid) at a particular position in the
primary structure of hemoglobin
-Subunit - -Biochemical molecules comprised of distinct components
-Disaccharide Molecule - -
-DNA vs. RNA - -
-Monosaccaride molecule - -
-Fatty Acid Molecule - -
-Triacylglycerol Molecule - -
-steroid Molecule - -
-Estradiol and Testosterone - -
-Amino Acid Molecule - -
-Phospholipid Saturated - -
-Renaturation and Denaturation Protein - -
-DNA Molecule - -
-DNA Replication Molecule - -
-RNA Molecule - -
-Receptor proteins - -Allows a virus to enter cells
-Glucose Molecule - -
