Biology 189 final arizona college of nursing Exam
Questions and Answers
Where does glycolysis take place? - -cytoplasm
-Glycolysis: What goes in? (Reactants?) - -Glucose
-Gylcolysis: What comes out? (How many ATP, and what are the products?) - -2 ATP.
pyruvate
-Where does the Krebs Cycle take place in the cell? - -mitochondrial matrix
-Krebs Cycle / Acetic acid cycle What goes in? (Reactants?) - -acetyl coenzyme A
-Krebs Cycle / Acetic acid cycle
What comes out (products) - -3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 16ATP, 2CO2
-Where does the electron transport chain take place in the cell? - -Inner MEMBRANE
mitochondria
-Electron transport chain
What goes in? - -Hydrogen
-Electron transport chain
What comes out? - -ATP
-How does a hydrogen ion gradient result potential energy? - -NADH + H AND FADH2 are
oxidated and lose the positive hydrogen.
-What is generated as a result of hydrogen ions being pumped back across the
mitochondrial membrane? - -ATP
-What particle combines oxygen and hydrogen ions to form water? - -Complex 4,
cytochrome C oxidase
-What is the final electron acceptor for oxidative phosphorylation? - -Oxygen
-From start to finish, approximately how many ATP molecules are generated from one
molecules of ATP that gets processed in aerobic respiration? - -34-36 ATP
-What is produced from lactate fermentation? Alcohol fermentation? - -Lactate and
alcohol,CO2
, -What are the basic steps of replication? - -DNA strands separate, primers hybridize, DNA
Polymerase Assembles Nucleotides, Two DNA Molecules Are Produced
-Helicase - -An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication forks.
-primer - -A short segment of DNA that acts as the starting point for a new strand
-Polymerase - -an enzyme that brings about the formation of a particular polymer,
especially DNA or RNA.
-Ligase - -An enzyme that connects two fragments of DNA to make a single fragment
-What are base pairs? - -Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
-What does guanine pair with during DNA replication? - -Cytosine
-What does cytosine pair with during DNA replication? - -Guanine
-If guanine makes of 25% of the bases in a DNA double helix: What percent of the bases are
cytosine? Adenine? Thymine? - -25%
-Group the following into levels of organizations
-DNA
-Sister chromatids
-Chromosomes - -
-What type of bond links the nitrogenous bases together from opposing strands? - -
hydrogen bonds
-Which component determines differences in differing nucleotides? (hint: the nucleotide's
phosphate group, sugar, or nitrogenous base...) - -phosphate groups
-What primarily produces diversity among individuals and species? (hint: individual
nucleotides, sequence of nucleotides, or organization of the DNA backbone...) - -sequence
of nucleotides
-What are histones? - -any of a group of basic proteins found in chromatin.
-What are mutations? - -permanent changes in the DNA sequence of a chromosome.
-What are nucleotide dimers and which type(s) of mutagen(s) usually causes them? - -
Dimers cause mutations because polymerases tend to copy kinked DNA incorrectly. Dimers
can also block the progress of a polymerase, so DNA replication stalls or collapses.UV rays
in sunlight cause them
Questions and Answers
Where does glycolysis take place? - -cytoplasm
-Glycolysis: What goes in? (Reactants?) - -Glucose
-Gylcolysis: What comes out? (How many ATP, and what are the products?) - -2 ATP.
pyruvate
-Where does the Krebs Cycle take place in the cell? - -mitochondrial matrix
-Krebs Cycle / Acetic acid cycle What goes in? (Reactants?) - -acetyl coenzyme A
-Krebs Cycle / Acetic acid cycle
What comes out (products) - -3 NADH, 1 FADH2, 16ATP, 2CO2
-Where does the electron transport chain take place in the cell? - -Inner MEMBRANE
mitochondria
-Electron transport chain
What goes in? - -Hydrogen
-Electron transport chain
What comes out? - -ATP
-How does a hydrogen ion gradient result potential energy? - -NADH + H AND FADH2 are
oxidated and lose the positive hydrogen.
-What is generated as a result of hydrogen ions being pumped back across the
mitochondrial membrane? - -ATP
-What particle combines oxygen and hydrogen ions to form water? - -Complex 4,
cytochrome C oxidase
-What is the final electron acceptor for oxidative phosphorylation? - -Oxygen
-From start to finish, approximately how many ATP molecules are generated from one
molecules of ATP that gets processed in aerobic respiration? - -34-36 ATP
-What is produced from lactate fermentation? Alcohol fermentation? - -Lactate and
alcohol,CO2
, -What are the basic steps of replication? - -DNA strands separate, primers hybridize, DNA
Polymerase Assembles Nucleotides, Two DNA Molecules Are Produced
-Helicase - -An enzyme that untwists the double helix of DNA at the replication forks.
-primer - -A short segment of DNA that acts as the starting point for a new strand
-Polymerase - -an enzyme that brings about the formation of a particular polymer,
especially DNA or RNA.
-Ligase - -An enzyme that connects two fragments of DNA to make a single fragment
-What are base pairs? - -Adenine, Thymine, Guanine, Cytosine
-What does guanine pair with during DNA replication? - -Cytosine
-What does cytosine pair with during DNA replication? - -Guanine
-If guanine makes of 25% of the bases in a DNA double helix: What percent of the bases are
cytosine? Adenine? Thymine? - -25%
-Group the following into levels of organizations
-DNA
-Sister chromatids
-Chromosomes - -
-What type of bond links the nitrogenous bases together from opposing strands? - -
hydrogen bonds
-Which component determines differences in differing nucleotides? (hint: the nucleotide's
phosphate group, sugar, or nitrogenous base...) - -phosphate groups
-What primarily produces diversity among individuals and species? (hint: individual
nucleotides, sequence of nucleotides, or organization of the DNA backbone...) - -sequence
of nucleotides
-What are histones? - -any of a group of basic proteins found in chromatin.
-What are mutations? - -permanent changes in the DNA sequence of a chromosome.
-What are nucleotide dimers and which type(s) of mutagen(s) usually causes them? - -
Dimers cause mutations because polymerases tend to copy kinked DNA incorrectly. Dimers
can also block the progress of a polymerase, so DNA replication stalls or collapses.UV rays
in sunlight cause them
