Biology 189 Csn Exam 4
free energy - -energy that is available to do work
-redox reactions (oxidation-reduction reactions) - -electron transfers, oxidation being the
loss of electrons and reduction being the gain of electrons
-Electrón carriers - -Oxidized for NAD+
Reduced form NADH
-formula for cellular respiration - -C6H12O6 + 6 O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H20 + ENERGY (ATP)
-Where does glycolysis take place? - -cytoplasm
-What is oxidized in glycolysis? - -Glucose is oxidized to 2 pyruvate
-What is the input and output of glycolysis? - -Input: glucose
Output: 2 ATP 2 NADH 2 pyruvate
-Where does the intermediate reaction(pyruvate oxidation) take place? - -Mitochondrial
matrix
-What is oxidized in the intermediate reaction? - -Pyruvate is oxidized to Acetyl CoA
-What is the input and output of the intermediate reaction? - -Input: 2 pyruvate 2
coenzyme A 2 NAD+
Output: 2 NADH 2CO2, 2 acetyl CoA
-Where does the Krebs cycle take place? - -mitochondrial matrix
-What is oxidized in the Krebs cycle? - -Acetyl CoA is oxidized to CO2
-How many Acetyl CoA enter into the Krebs cycle at once? - -One at a time
-What is the input and output of the Krebs cycle? - -Input: 2 Acetyl CoA 6 NAD+ 1FAD 2
H2O 2 ADP
Output: 6 NADH 4 CO2, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP
-Where does the electron transport chain take place? - -inner mitochondrial membrane
-Where does chemiosmosis take place? - -inner mitochondrial membrane
-What gets reduced and oxidized in electron transport chain? - -Groups along the chain
alternate between getting reduced and oxidized
, -What is chemiosmosis? - -the use of energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work
-What is the proton motive force? - -the force provided by a transmembrane hydrogen ion
gradient
-What does ATP synthase do? - -converts ADP to ATP
-What is fermentation? - -Making ATP w/out oxygen
-alcoholic fermentation - -Used pyruvate decarboxylase to release CO2 and alcohol
dehydrogenase to oxidize NADH back to NAD+ so glycolysis can continue
-lactic acid fermentation - -Used lactate dehydrogenase to oxidize NADH back to NAD+ so
glycolysis can continue
-What are the stages of the cell cycle? - -interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis
-What are the phases of interphase? - -G1, S, G2
-How much of the cell cycle is spent in interphase? - -90%
-How much of cell cycle is spent in mitosis? - -10%
-What happens in the G1 phase of interphase? - -cell grows
-What happens in the S phase? - -DNA is replicated
-What happens in the G2 phase of interphase? - -Cell gets bigger and DNA is checked for
errors
-What happens in mitosis? - -Nucleus divides into 2 nuclei each with same number of
chromosomes as parent cell
-What are the 3 types of cell division? - -binary fission, mitosis, meiosis
-What is binary fission? - -A type of simple cell division used by prokaryotic cells to
reproduce & split into two
-What is bacterial conjunction? - -The way prokaryotes exchange DNA
-How does bacterial conjunction occur? - -Two prokaryotes connect together through a
bridge called sex pilus or conjugation bridge
-What happens in prophase of mitosis? - -Chromosomes condense and centrioles migrate
to poles
free energy - -energy that is available to do work
-redox reactions (oxidation-reduction reactions) - -electron transfers, oxidation being the
loss of electrons and reduction being the gain of electrons
-Electrón carriers - -Oxidized for NAD+
Reduced form NADH
-formula for cellular respiration - -C6H12O6 + 6 O2 -> 6CO2 + 6H20 + ENERGY (ATP)
-Where does glycolysis take place? - -cytoplasm
-What is oxidized in glycolysis? - -Glucose is oxidized to 2 pyruvate
-What is the input and output of glycolysis? - -Input: glucose
Output: 2 ATP 2 NADH 2 pyruvate
-Where does the intermediate reaction(pyruvate oxidation) take place? - -Mitochondrial
matrix
-What is oxidized in the intermediate reaction? - -Pyruvate is oxidized to Acetyl CoA
-What is the input and output of the intermediate reaction? - -Input: 2 pyruvate 2
coenzyme A 2 NAD+
Output: 2 NADH 2CO2, 2 acetyl CoA
-Where does the Krebs cycle take place? - -mitochondrial matrix
-What is oxidized in the Krebs cycle? - -Acetyl CoA is oxidized to CO2
-How many Acetyl CoA enter into the Krebs cycle at once? - -One at a time
-What is the input and output of the Krebs cycle? - -Input: 2 Acetyl CoA 6 NAD+ 1FAD 2
H2O 2 ADP
Output: 6 NADH 4 CO2, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP
-Where does the electron transport chain take place? - -inner mitochondrial membrane
-Where does chemiosmosis take place? - -inner mitochondrial membrane
-What gets reduced and oxidized in electron transport chain? - -Groups along the chain
alternate between getting reduced and oxidized
, -What is chemiosmosis? - -the use of energy in a H+ gradient to drive cellular work
-What is the proton motive force? - -the force provided by a transmembrane hydrogen ion
gradient
-What does ATP synthase do? - -converts ADP to ATP
-What is fermentation? - -Making ATP w/out oxygen
-alcoholic fermentation - -Used pyruvate decarboxylase to release CO2 and alcohol
dehydrogenase to oxidize NADH back to NAD+ so glycolysis can continue
-lactic acid fermentation - -Used lactate dehydrogenase to oxidize NADH back to NAD+ so
glycolysis can continue
-What are the stages of the cell cycle? - -interphase, mitosis, cytokinesis
-What are the phases of interphase? - -G1, S, G2
-How much of the cell cycle is spent in interphase? - -90%
-How much of cell cycle is spent in mitosis? - -10%
-What happens in the G1 phase of interphase? - -cell grows
-What happens in the S phase? - -DNA is replicated
-What happens in the G2 phase of interphase? - -Cell gets bigger and DNA is checked for
errors
-What happens in mitosis? - -Nucleus divides into 2 nuclei each with same number of
chromosomes as parent cell
-What are the 3 types of cell division? - -binary fission, mitosis, meiosis
-What is binary fission? - -A type of simple cell division used by prokaryotic cells to
reproduce & split into two
-What is bacterial conjunction? - -The way prokaryotes exchange DNA
-How does bacterial conjunction occur? - -Two prokaryotes connect together through a
bridge called sex pilus or conjugation bridge
-What happens in prophase of mitosis? - -Chromosomes condense and centrioles migrate
to poles
