WGU D115 OA ADVANCED PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 2 VERSIONS
2025/2026 BANK ACTUAL QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED ANSWERS
AND OA READINESS PRACTICE EXAM TEST BANK WITH STUDY
GUIDEEXPERT VERIFIED FOR GUARANTEED PASS/ALREADY GRADED
A+
How do acute and chronic inflammation differ? - ANSWER - Acute- Short duration, 8-10
days from onset to healing. The three systemic changes associated with the acute
inflammatory response are fever, leukocytosis, and plasma protein synthesis. Chronic
inflammation- can be a continuation of acute inflammation that last 2 weeks or longer. It
can also occur as a distinct process without much preceding acute inflammation.
How do multifactorial disease and single-gene disease differ? - ANSWER - In contrast to
most single-gene diseases, recurrence risks for multifactional disease can change
significantly from one population to another because gene frequencies, as well as
environmental factors, can differ among populations.
How do the incidence and prevalence rate differ? - ANSWER - Incidence rate is the number
of new cases of a disease reported during a specific period, divided by the number of
individuals in the population. Prevalence rate is the proportion of the population affected
by a disease at a specific point in time.
How do you address health literacy barriers when formulating a plan of care and patient
education? - ANSWER - Focus on the need to know and need to do. Patients say that we
often give them a lot of extra information. They want concrete steps. Used teach-back
method to confirm understanding—I will a talk about this in a minute. Use pictures or
demonstrate. Don't just talk about it. And always use clearly written education materials
that we know the patient can understand. When you are confirming patient understanding,
it's best to avoid questions such as "Do you understand?" or "Do you have any questions?"
That strategy usually leads to the answer of "No". Rather we want to say, "Tell me what
you've understood about this medicine?" or "I want to make sure I have explained your
medicine clearly, can you tell me how you think you will take this medicine?"
How do you assess for health literacy barriers? What are some common health literacy
barriers? - ANSWER - You cannot tell someone's literacy level just by looking at them. A
person may present themselves well, speak well, and appear to understand what is going
,on, however this does not mean that they truly do. It is best to approach care with the
understanding that even those who are well educated may still struggle with health-related
information. The language used in the health field is not commonly used in everyday
language and even those with good educational backgrounds may not understand what
their diagnosis means or what is being asked of them. Even someone who normally
manages health information well may have increased difficulty under certain
circumstances. When a person is feeling anxious, or overwhelmed with too much
information, they may not be able to understand or use health information as well as
normal. [Tell a personal health literacy story about when you had trouble understanding
health information.]
How do you incorporate genetic factors into formulation of differential/definitive diagnosis,
plan of care and referrals? - ANSWER - Allow it to create a bigger picture of what could be
going on. Family history and genetic factors are can help the clinician to see the beginning
process of a new disease that is genetically linked to the patient. It can help create or
narrow down the differential diagnosis. It also allows for specific referrals to avoid disease
process and take preventative measures against possible genetic diseases the patient is at
higher risk for
How does the inflammatory response differ in neonates? - ANSWER - Neonates often have
transiently depressed inflammatory function, particularly neutrophil chemotaxis and
alternative complement activity.
How is relative risk used in relation to disease processes? - ANSWER - Relative risk is a
probability, not an actual outcome, to determine the relative risk you take the increased
rate of the disease among individuals exposed to a risk factor and divide by the incidence
rate of the disease among individuals not exposed to a risk factor.
What are autoinflammatory diseases characterized by? - ANSWER - Autoinflammatory
disorders are characterized by abnormally high levels of inflammation secondary to
mutations in control of inflammasome activation or in defects in cellular receptors of
cytokines designed to decrease inflammation.
What are empirical risks and how do they affect disease? - ANSWER - Empirical risks are
risks based on direct observation
What are some causes of Acquired immunodeficiencies? - ANSWER - Acquired
immunodeficiencies are caused by superimposed conditions, such as aging, malnutrition,
, infections, malignancies, physical or psychologic trauma, environmental factors, some
medical treatments, or other diseases.
What are some causes of autoimmune diseases? - ANSWER - Autoimmune disease can be
caused by the exposure of a previously sequestered antigen, the development of a
neoantigen, the complications of infectious disease, the emergence of a forbidden clone
of lymphocytes, or the consequence of ineffective peripheral tolerance. The mechanisms
for imitation of autoimmune diseases may already be within humans.
What are some common diseases that are categorized as multifactorial in nature? -
ANSWER - HTN, CAD, Cancers, Diabetes, Obesity, Alzheimer's Disease
What are some effective countermeasures for infectious disease transmission? - ANSWER
- Control insect vector population, modern sanitation facilities, clean water, vaccines.
What are some examples of alloimmune disorders? And why do these occur? - ANSWER -
Alloimmunity is the immune systems reaction against antigens on the tissues of other
members of the same species. - Transient neonatal disease - Transplant rejection -
Transfusion reaction
What are some examples of diseases that correspond with the liability model? - ANSWER -
- Liability threshold model Pyloric stenosis Autism spectrum Congenital malformations
What are the 3 layers of human defense? What happens during each? - ANSWER -
Physical- protect against damage and infection are composed of tightly associated
epithelial cells including those of the skin and of the membranous sheets lining the
gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and respiratory tracts. Mechanical- "washing" the surfaces
(sloughing off of dead skin, vomiting, urination, coughing). Biochemical barriers- secrets
substances meant to trap of destroy microorganisms. (Mucus, sweat, saliva, tears,
sebaceous glands, and earwax).
What are the four distinct phases of infectious disease? - ANSWER - 1. Incubation Period -
initial exposure to onset of the first symptoms 2. Prodromal Stage - occurrence of initial
symptoms which are usually mild 3. Invasion Period- pathogen is multiplying rapidly- the
immune and inflammatory responses have been activated. 4. Convalescence- immune-
inflammatory system removes infection, symptoms subside...or disease could be fatal
What are the phases of wound healing and the process that takes place during each? -
ANSWER - Phase 1- Inflammation- includes coagulation and the infiltration of cells that
participate in wound healing, including platelets, neutrophils, and macrophages. Phase 2-
2025/2026 BANK ACTUAL QUESTIONS WITH DETAILED ANSWERS
AND OA READINESS PRACTICE EXAM TEST BANK WITH STUDY
GUIDEEXPERT VERIFIED FOR GUARANTEED PASS/ALREADY GRADED
A+
How do acute and chronic inflammation differ? - ANSWER - Acute- Short duration, 8-10
days from onset to healing. The three systemic changes associated with the acute
inflammatory response are fever, leukocytosis, and plasma protein synthesis. Chronic
inflammation- can be a continuation of acute inflammation that last 2 weeks or longer. It
can also occur as a distinct process without much preceding acute inflammation.
How do multifactorial disease and single-gene disease differ? - ANSWER - In contrast to
most single-gene diseases, recurrence risks for multifactional disease can change
significantly from one population to another because gene frequencies, as well as
environmental factors, can differ among populations.
How do the incidence and prevalence rate differ? - ANSWER - Incidence rate is the number
of new cases of a disease reported during a specific period, divided by the number of
individuals in the population. Prevalence rate is the proportion of the population affected
by a disease at a specific point in time.
How do you address health literacy barriers when formulating a plan of care and patient
education? - ANSWER - Focus on the need to know and need to do. Patients say that we
often give them a lot of extra information. They want concrete steps. Used teach-back
method to confirm understanding—I will a talk about this in a minute. Use pictures or
demonstrate. Don't just talk about it. And always use clearly written education materials
that we know the patient can understand. When you are confirming patient understanding,
it's best to avoid questions such as "Do you understand?" or "Do you have any questions?"
That strategy usually leads to the answer of "No". Rather we want to say, "Tell me what
you've understood about this medicine?" or "I want to make sure I have explained your
medicine clearly, can you tell me how you think you will take this medicine?"
How do you assess for health literacy barriers? What are some common health literacy
barriers? - ANSWER - You cannot tell someone's literacy level just by looking at them. A
person may present themselves well, speak well, and appear to understand what is going
,on, however this does not mean that they truly do. It is best to approach care with the
understanding that even those who are well educated may still struggle with health-related
information. The language used in the health field is not commonly used in everyday
language and even those with good educational backgrounds may not understand what
their diagnosis means or what is being asked of them. Even someone who normally
manages health information well may have increased difficulty under certain
circumstances. When a person is feeling anxious, or overwhelmed with too much
information, they may not be able to understand or use health information as well as
normal. [Tell a personal health literacy story about when you had trouble understanding
health information.]
How do you incorporate genetic factors into formulation of differential/definitive diagnosis,
plan of care and referrals? - ANSWER - Allow it to create a bigger picture of what could be
going on. Family history and genetic factors are can help the clinician to see the beginning
process of a new disease that is genetically linked to the patient. It can help create or
narrow down the differential diagnosis. It also allows for specific referrals to avoid disease
process and take preventative measures against possible genetic diseases the patient is at
higher risk for
How does the inflammatory response differ in neonates? - ANSWER - Neonates often have
transiently depressed inflammatory function, particularly neutrophil chemotaxis and
alternative complement activity.
How is relative risk used in relation to disease processes? - ANSWER - Relative risk is a
probability, not an actual outcome, to determine the relative risk you take the increased
rate of the disease among individuals exposed to a risk factor and divide by the incidence
rate of the disease among individuals not exposed to a risk factor.
What are autoinflammatory diseases characterized by? - ANSWER - Autoinflammatory
disorders are characterized by abnormally high levels of inflammation secondary to
mutations in control of inflammasome activation or in defects in cellular receptors of
cytokines designed to decrease inflammation.
What are empirical risks and how do they affect disease? - ANSWER - Empirical risks are
risks based on direct observation
What are some causes of Acquired immunodeficiencies? - ANSWER - Acquired
immunodeficiencies are caused by superimposed conditions, such as aging, malnutrition,
, infections, malignancies, physical or psychologic trauma, environmental factors, some
medical treatments, or other diseases.
What are some causes of autoimmune diseases? - ANSWER - Autoimmune disease can be
caused by the exposure of a previously sequestered antigen, the development of a
neoantigen, the complications of infectious disease, the emergence of a forbidden clone
of lymphocytes, or the consequence of ineffective peripheral tolerance. The mechanisms
for imitation of autoimmune diseases may already be within humans.
What are some common diseases that are categorized as multifactorial in nature? -
ANSWER - HTN, CAD, Cancers, Diabetes, Obesity, Alzheimer's Disease
What are some effective countermeasures for infectious disease transmission? - ANSWER
- Control insect vector population, modern sanitation facilities, clean water, vaccines.
What are some examples of alloimmune disorders? And why do these occur? - ANSWER -
Alloimmunity is the immune systems reaction against antigens on the tissues of other
members of the same species. - Transient neonatal disease - Transplant rejection -
Transfusion reaction
What are some examples of diseases that correspond with the liability model? - ANSWER -
- Liability threshold model Pyloric stenosis Autism spectrum Congenital malformations
What are the 3 layers of human defense? What happens during each? - ANSWER -
Physical- protect against damage and infection are composed of tightly associated
epithelial cells including those of the skin and of the membranous sheets lining the
gastrointestinal, genitourinary, and respiratory tracts. Mechanical- "washing" the surfaces
(sloughing off of dead skin, vomiting, urination, coughing). Biochemical barriers- secrets
substances meant to trap of destroy microorganisms. (Mucus, sweat, saliva, tears,
sebaceous glands, and earwax).
What are the four distinct phases of infectious disease? - ANSWER - 1. Incubation Period -
initial exposure to onset of the first symptoms 2. Prodromal Stage - occurrence of initial
symptoms which are usually mild 3. Invasion Period- pathogen is multiplying rapidly- the
immune and inflammatory responses have been activated. 4. Convalescence- immune-
inflammatory system removes infection, symptoms subside...or disease could be fatal
What are the phases of wound healing and the process that takes place during each? -
ANSWER - Phase 1- Inflammation- includes coagulation and the infiltration of cells that
participate in wound healing, including platelets, neutrophils, and macrophages. Phase 2-
