1
NURS MATERIAL EXAM REVIEW NEWEST VERSION -
2025/2026- 100+ QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS 100%
CORRECT GUARANTEED SUCCESS
What pathophysiological changes occur in the cardiovascular system of a newborn?
-blood enters the left atrium causing a pressure increase and the foramen ovale to close
-pressure changes as well as hormonal/chemical processes cause the ductus arteriosus to close
(may take several days)
-fetal circulation (with placental oxygenation) transitions to "adult" circulation (outside of the
womb)
-Note: murmurs upon auscultation are typically considered normal as the fetal mechanisms of
circulation close (unless causing neonatal distress)
What is the reasoning behind neonatal administration of Vitamin K following birth? In which
timeframe should it be given?
-Reasoning: Vitamin K does not cross the placenta during pregnancy and is not produced during
early neonatal life (underdeveloped organs)
-Timeframe: given within the first hour of life to prevent bleeding
What pathophysiological changes occur in the GI/GU system of a newborn?
, 2
-Stomach capacity: ~5-10 mL; very limited, about the size of a marble
-Milk supply: begins low but increases overtime as the neonatal stomach capacity increases
-Wt loss: ~10% following birth is normal in the first week
-Output: at least 1 stool and 6-8 voids Q 24 hr (1 stool required prior to discharge)
What are the nursing interventions performed to support the cardiovascular system of the
newborn?
-Monitor HR: typical range is ~120-160 bpm however, it can vary based on situation
-Investigate murmurs: murmurs are typically normal in the neonatal period as the extra fetal
valves close however, assess that it is not causing other problems with newborn life (feeding,
breathing, etc)
-Note: if HR is outside of normal range but SpO2 remains within, there are typically no concerns
What is the importance of a baby being "squeezed" when exiting the birth canal?
-aids in initial lung expansion by squeezing out fluids from the lungs (a remainder of life in
utero)
-Note: this is why C/S incisions are made smaller (to replicate the squeeze of the vaginal canal)
What pathophysiologic mechanism stimulates the newborn's first cry after birth?
, 3
the change in temperature and comfortability of being in the womb
How long should you count a newborn's respirations? What is the reasoning for this?
-1 full minute
-irregular breathing and/or apnea for under 20 sec is normal (very inconsistent, almost like
panting)
What are the nursing interventions performed to support the respiratory system of the
newborn?
-Monitor respirations and SpO2
-Assess for retractions/use of accessory muscles for breathing
-Listen for grunting (indication of ineffective breathing)
-Observe for other abnormalities (cyanosis, weird sounds, head bobbing, nasal flaring)
What is the reasoning for a neonatal baby's higher risk of thermoregulation problems? What are
term babies naturally equipped with to prevent these possible complications?
-a higher surface ratio for heat loss
-the inability to shiver
-low or non functioning sweat glands
, 4
-Term babies: born with brown fat that provides them with the energy to keep themselves
warm but eventually depletes overtime
What are the nursing interventions performed to support the thermoregulation of the
newborn?
-Skin-to-skin: provides warmth and promotes bonding with the birthing parent
-Radiant warmer: requires removal of some layers prior to being placed under the light (will get
warm faster when naked)
-Education: the neonate should wear ~the same layers of the parents +1 extra layer
-Note: the caregiver should keep the baby layered just enough so that they can still assess the
baby's temperature manually/periodically
What pathophysiological changes occur in the hepatic system of a newborn?
-Insulin: the infant continues to produce insulin at 6the same rate that they did prior to delivery
(risk for hypoglycemia)
-Jaundice: normal to a point; lack of output production and intake of breast milk can increase
amount
What are the nursing interventions performed to support the hepatic system of the newborn?
-Monitor: check glucose chemistry at the 24 hr mark for "normal babies" or soon after
birth/regularly for babies with diabetic birthing parents
-Encourage feeding: aids in normalizing BG and jaundice; if there is a lack of breast milk, provide
the newborn with formula
NURS MATERIAL EXAM REVIEW NEWEST VERSION -
2025/2026- 100+ QUESTIONS AND VERIFIED ANSWERS 100%
CORRECT GUARANTEED SUCCESS
What pathophysiological changes occur in the cardiovascular system of a newborn?
-blood enters the left atrium causing a pressure increase and the foramen ovale to close
-pressure changes as well as hormonal/chemical processes cause the ductus arteriosus to close
(may take several days)
-fetal circulation (with placental oxygenation) transitions to "adult" circulation (outside of the
womb)
-Note: murmurs upon auscultation are typically considered normal as the fetal mechanisms of
circulation close (unless causing neonatal distress)
What is the reasoning behind neonatal administration of Vitamin K following birth? In which
timeframe should it be given?
-Reasoning: Vitamin K does not cross the placenta during pregnancy and is not produced during
early neonatal life (underdeveloped organs)
-Timeframe: given within the first hour of life to prevent bleeding
What pathophysiological changes occur in the GI/GU system of a newborn?
, 2
-Stomach capacity: ~5-10 mL; very limited, about the size of a marble
-Milk supply: begins low but increases overtime as the neonatal stomach capacity increases
-Wt loss: ~10% following birth is normal in the first week
-Output: at least 1 stool and 6-8 voids Q 24 hr (1 stool required prior to discharge)
What are the nursing interventions performed to support the cardiovascular system of the
newborn?
-Monitor HR: typical range is ~120-160 bpm however, it can vary based on situation
-Investigate murmurs: murmurs are typically normal in the neonatal period as the extra fetal
valves close however, assess that it is not causing other problems with newborn life (feeding,
breathing, etc)
-Note: if HR is outside of normal range but SpO2 remains within, there are typically no concerns
What is the importance of a baby being "squeezed" when exiting the birth canal?
-aids in initial lung expansion by squeezing out fluids from the lungs (a remainder of life in
utero)
-Note: this is why C/S incisions are made smaller (to replicate the squeeze of the vaginal canal)
What pathophysiologic mechanism stimulates the newborn's first cry after birth?
, 3
the change in temperature and comfortability of being in the womb
How long should you count a newborn's respirations? What is the reasoning for this?
-1 full minute
-irregular breathing and/or apnea for under 20 sec is normal (very inconsistent, almost like
panting)
What are the nursing interventions performed to support the respiratory system of the
newborn?
-Monitor respirations and SpO2
-Assess for retractions/use of accessory muscles for breathing
-Listen for grunting (indication of ineffective breathing)
-Observe for other abnormalities (cyanosis, weird sounds, head bobbing, nasal flaring)
What is the reasoning for a neonatal baby's higher risk of thermoregulation problems? What are
term babies naturally equipped with to prevent these possible complications?
-a higher surface ratio for heat loss
-the inability to shiver
-low or non functioning sweat glands
, 4
-Term babies: born with brown fat that provides them with the energy to keep themselves
warm but eventually depletes overtime
What are the nursing interventions performed to support the thermoregulation of the
newborn?
-Skin-to-skin: provides warmth and promotes bonding with the birthing parent
-Radiant warmer: requires removal of some layers prior to being placed under the light (will get
warm faster when naked)
-Education: the neonate should wear ~the same layers of the parents +1 extra layer
-Note: the caregiver should keep the baby layered just enough so that they can still assess the
baby's temperature manually/periodically
What pathophysiological changes occur in the hepatic system of a newborn?
-Insulin: the infant continues to produce insulin at 6the same rate that they did prior to delivery
(risk for hypoglycemia)
-Jaundice: normal to a point; lack of output production and intake of breast milk can increase
amount
What are the nursing interventions performed to support the hepatic system of the newborn?
-Monitor: check glucose chemistry at the 24 hr mark for "normal babies" or soon after
birth/regularly for babies with diabetic birthing parents
-Encourage feeding: aids in normalizing BG and jaundice; if there is a lack of breast milk, provide
the newborn with formula
