THE
PILOT
Principles
of flight
ATPL STUDENT
pilot NOTES
all info you need to pass atpl exams
, POF
1
–
UNITS
OF
MEASUREMENT
FUNDAMENTAL
SI
UNITS
VISCOSITY
• Mass
–
Kg
• Measure
of
the
resistance
to
motion
• Length
–
m
between
two
layers
of
the
same
material.
• Time
-‐
s
WING
LOADING
DERIVED
UNITS
!"#$#%&' !"#$!!
•
• Area
–
m2
!"#$ !"#$
• Volume
–
m3
• Velocity
–
m/s
• Unit:
N
/
m2
• Acceleration
–
m/s2
• Momentum
–
kg.m/s
• Force
–
N
LOAD
FACTOR
• Weight
–
N
!"#$
• Work
–
J
(Joule)
•
!"#$!!
• Power
–
W
(Watt)
• Energy
-‐
J
(Joule)
o Capacity
of
doing
work
o Potential
–
due
to
position
o Kinetic
–
due
to
motion
• Pressure
–
Pa
(Pascal)
o Bar
used
in
aviation.
1
Bar
=
105
Pa
o Static
pressure
(PS)
–
Stationary
air
exerts
pressure
in
all
directions.
o Dynamic
pressure
(PD)
–
Moving
air
is
brought
to
rest
on
surface
of
a
body.
o Total
Pressure:
PT
=
PS
+
PD
• Density–
kg/m3
• Temperature
–
0C
/
K
, POF
2
–
THE
FLIGHT
ENVIRONMENT
THE
ATMOSPHERE
HUMIDITY
&
DENSITY
• A
region
of
air
surrounding
earth
up
to
• Water
vapour
is
less
dense
than
dry
air.
approximately
500
miles
/
900
km.
• Water
vapour
(ISA
MSL)
=
0.760
kg/m3
• Higher
temperature
allows
air
to
hold
more
• Dry
air
(ISA
MSL)
=
1.225
kg/m3
water
vapour.
• Air
has
weight
and
is
also
compressible.
• Pressure,
density
and
temperature
all
decrease
with
altitude.
UNIVERSAL
GAS
LAW
!
• ! !
= 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
• P
=
Pressure
(N/m2)
• 𝜌
=
Density
(kg/m3)
• T
=
Temperature
(K)
• Only
applies
to
a
perfect
gas.
PRESSURE
&
DENSITY
• Density
∞
Pressure
• Pressure
doubled
then
density
is
doubled.
TEMPERATURE
&
DENSITY
• Density
∞
1
/
Temperature
• Temperature
doubled
then
density
halved.
, POF
4
–
AIRSPEEDS
INDICATED
AND
TRUE
AIRSPEEDS
• Indicated
(IAS)
–
Shown
on
the
ASI
• Calibrated
(CAS
/
RAS)–
IAS
corrected
for:
o Position
error
(due
to
location
of
pitot
head
and
static)
o Instrument
error
(due
mechanical
workings
of
ASI).
• Equivalent
(EAS)
–
CAS
corrected
for:
o Compressibility
Error
(airspeeds
greater
than
300
kts).
o Not
applicable
less
than
300
kts
as
air
assumed
incompressible.
• True
(TAS)
–
EAS
corrected
for:
o Density
error
• ICE
-‐
T
PILOT
Principles
of flight
ATPL STUDENT
pilot NOTES
all info you need to pass atpl exams
, POF
1
–
UNITS
OF
MEASUREMENT
FUNDAMENTAL
SI
UNITS
VISCOSITY
• Mass
–
Kg
• Measure
of
the
resistance
to
motion
• Length
–
m
between
two
layers
of
the
same
material.
• Time
-‐
s
WING
LOADING
DERIVED
UNITS
!"#$#%&' !"#$!!
•
• Area
–
m2
!"#$ !"#$
• Volume
–
m3
• Velocity
–
m/s
• Unit:
N
/
m2
• Acceleration
–
m/s2
• Momentum
–
kg.m/s
• Force
–
N
LOAD
FACTOR
• Weight
–
N
!"#$
• Work
–
J
(Joule)
•
!"#$!!
• Power
–
W
(Watt)
• Energy
-‐
J
(Joule)
o Capacity
of
doing
work
o Potential
–
due
to
position
o Kinetic
–
due
to
motion
• Pressure
–
Pa
(Pascal)
o Bar
used
in
aviation.
1
Bar
=
105
Pa
o Static
pressure
(PS)
–
Stationary
air
exerts
pressure
in
all
directions.
o Dynamic
pressure
(PD)
–
Moving
air
is
brought
to
rest
on
surface
of
a
body.
o Total
Pressure:
PT
=
PS
+
PD
• Density–
kg/m3
• Temperature
–
0C
/
K
, POF
2
–
THE
FLIGHT
ENVIRONMENT
THE
ATMOSPHERE
HUMIDITY
&
DENSITY
• A
region
of
air
surrounding
earth
up
to
• Water
vapour
is
less
dense
than
dry
air.
approximately
500
miles
/
900
km.
• Water
vapour
(ISA
MSL)
=
0.760
kg/m3
• Higher
temperature
allows
air
to
hold
more
• Dry
air
(ISA
MSL)
=
1.225
kg/m3
water
vapour.
• Air
has
weight
and
is
also
compressible.
• Pressure,
density
and
temperature
all
decrease
with
altitude.
UNIVERSAL
GAS
LAW
!
• ! !
= 𝐶𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
• P
=
Pressure
(N/m2)
• 𝜌
=
Density
(kg/m3)
• T
=
Temperature
(K)
• Only
applies
to
a
perfect
gas.
PRESSURE
&
DENSITY
• Density
∞
Pressure
• Pressure
doubled
then
density
is
doubled.
TEMPERATURE
&
DENSITY
• Density
∞
1
/
Temperature
• Temperature
doubled
then
density
halved.
, POF
4
–
AIRSPEEDS
INDICATED
AND
TRUE
AIRSPEEDS
• Indicated
(IAS)
–
Shown
on
the
ASI
• Calibrated
(CAS
/
RAS)–
IAS
corrected
for:
o Position
error
(due
to
location
of
pitot
head
and
static)
o Instrument
error
(due
mechanical
workings
of
ASI).
• Equivalent
(EAS)
–
CAS
corrected
for:
o Compressibility
Error
(airspeeds
greater
than
300
kts).
o Not
applicable
less
than
300
kts
as
air
assumed
incompressible.
• True
(TAS)
–
EAS
corrected
for:
o Density
error
• ICE
-‐
T
