Political Participation and
Protest
Interim 1: Week 1 en 2..................................................................................................4
Lecture 1: Intro..............................................................................................................................4
1.1 Intro..................................................................................................................................................4
2.2 Van Deth, A Conceptual Map of Political Participation...................................................................4
2.3 Hutter & Kriesi, Movements of the Left, Movements of the Right Reconsidered............................5
Lecture 2: Parties & Voting..........................................................................................................7
2.1 The Socialization Model...................................................................................................................7
Smets et al. - A meta-analysis of individual-level research on voter turnout................................................8
2.2 The Resource Model.........................................................................................................................8
Antonucci et al. - The Malaise of the Squeezed Middle................................................................................9
2.3 Political Mobilization (political parties)...........................................................................................9
Krouwel - Party Models.................................................................................................................................9
2.4 The Psychological Model...............................................................................................................10
Lecture 3: Populism.....................................................................................................................11
Populism...............................................................................................................................................11
Mudde..........................................................................................................................................................11
Krouwel et al. - elements populism.............................................................................................................11
Understanding Varieties of European Populism - Smit et al. (2018)..........................................................13
Economic and Cultural Drivers of Populist Support.............................................................................14
Inglehart & Norris - Economic Have-Nots and Cultural Backlash.............................................................14
Oesch & Rennwald - Three Polar Political Space.......................................................................................15
Lecture 4: Movement Politics.....................................................................................................17
Della Porta - Movement Politics: an Introduction.......................................................................................17
4.1 Who Demonstrates?........................................................................................................................17
Norris & Walgrave - Who Demonstrates?...................................................................................................17
4.2 Potentials, Networks, Motivations & Barriers................................................................................18
Klandemans & Oegema...............................................................................................................................18
Interim 2: Week 4 en 5................................................................................................19
Lecture 5: Politics & The Internet.............................................................................................19
Hirzalla et al. Internet Use and Political Participation: Reflections on Mobilization/Normalization Contro-
versy....................................................................................................................................................................................19
Enroljas et al. Social Media and mobilization to Offline Demonstrations..................................................19
Lecture 6: Gender, Sexuality and Identity in Political Mobilization......................................21
Duyvendak - Gay and Lesbian movements Beyond Borders?....................................................................21
Bale et al. - Explaining Social democratic Responses to Challenge from the Populist Radical Right in
Western Europe..................................................................................................................................................................22
, Hooghe & Meeusen - Is Same-Sex Marriage Legislation..?.......................................................................23
Lecture 7: Radicalization............................................................................................................24
Van Stekelenburg & KlandeRmans - Radicalization...................................................................................24
Dalgaard-Nielsen - Violent Radicalization in Europe.................................................................................26
Doosje et al. - Susceptibility of Radical Right-Wing attitudes in Dutch Youth..........................................27
Lecture 8: Political Mobilization in Authoritarian Regimes...................................................29
Democratic Regimes.............................................................................................................................29
Brownlee - Politics under Authoritarianism................................................................................................30
Authoritarianism...................................................................................................................................30
Huber et al. - The Impact of Economic Development on Democracy.........................................................33
Çarkoglu et al. - Party Competition in the Middle East...............................................................................34
Debate about the role of social media...................................................................................................34
Interim 3: Week 6, 7 en 8............................................................................................35
Lecture 9: Campaigning and Framing......................................................................................35
9.1 Actors and Roles.............................................................................................................................35
9.2 Iyengar & Simon............................................................................................................................35
Iyengar & Simon - New Perspectives on Political Communication and Campaign Effects.......................35
9.3 Scheufele & Tewksbury.................................................................................................................38
Scheufele & Tewksbury - Framing, Agenda Setting and Priming..............................................................38
Chong & Druckman - Framing Theory.......................................................................................................38
Benford & Snow - Framing Processes and Social Movements...................................................................40
Lecture 10: Ethnicity & Immigration as Mobilizers................................................................41
10.1 Definitions....................................................................................................................................41
10.2 Natives’ reactions to immigration.................................................................................................41
Koopmans & Statham..................................................................................................................................41
Stockemer - Structural Data on Immigration or Immigration Perceptions?................................................42
Lubbers & Coenders - nationalistic attitude and voting for radical right....................................................42
Andretta & Pavan - Mapping Protest on the Refugee Crisis.......................................................................42
10.3 Participation of Ethnic Minorities.................................................................................................42
Bloemraad & Schonwalder..........................................................................................................................43
Michon & Vermeulen - Explaining different trajectories............................................................................43
Lecture 11: Inequality in Political Participation......................................................................44
11.1 Sources.........................................................................................................................................44
11.2 Mechanisms..................................................................................................................................45
Lancee & Van de Werfhorst - income inequality and participation............................................................46
Kern, Marien & Hooghe - Economic crisis and levels of PP in Europe......................................................46
Grasso & Giugni - PP and Economic Crisis................................................................................................47
Lecture 12: Non Participation....................................................................................................47
12.1 Trends...........................................................................................................................................47
Van Biezen et al. - Going, Going, Gone?....................................................................................................47
,Fieldhouse et al. (2007). Electoral participation of young people in Europe..............................................47
12.2 Wood & Flinders..................................................................................................................................48
, Interim 1: Week 1 en 2
LECTURE 1: INTRO
1.1 Intro
Two types of Political Participation:
• Electoral: voting, contacting officials, donating, campaigning
• Non-electoral: petitions, mass demonstrations, boycotts, violence; via social movements.
‘Political participation’ is often seen as voting, but voting actually has a downward turnout. Though protests
are getting bigger worldwide. Protests come and go in a flow. The Diamond Model shows different ways of
citizens to participate in politics. Either through elections, or through social movements.
2.2 Van Deth, A Conceptual Map of Political Participation
Defining political participation. Four main variants, one of them non-political.
Conge - definition: ‘individual or collective action at the national or local level that supports or opposes
decisions regarding allocation of public goods’. Saying we’re comparing apples to pears. Categorizations:
1. Forms: active - passive
2. Behaviour: aggressive - nonaggressive
3. Objects: structural - nonstructural
4. Aims: Governmental - nongovernmental
5. Actions: mobilized - voluntary
6. Outcomes: intended - unintended
↓
‘Too many definitions / categorizations of political participations:
- These definitions are too time-period dependent (now vs 30 years ago)
- Actual conclusions about development of political participation over time difficult to draw
- How to deal with expansion modes (internet).
Operational Concepts Types and commonly used labels Specimens of typical modes
Minimalist Definition: Pol. Partici- Conventional, institutional, elite-di- Voting, budget forms, party member-
pation-I rected action, formal ship, contacting politicians
Targeted Definition: Pol. Participa- Unconventional, non-institutional, Signing a petition, demonstrating,
tion-II protest, political action, elite- blockades. Painting slogans, flash
Target: government/politics/state challinging action, everyday activism mobs
Targeted Definition: Pol. Participa- Civic engagement, social participa- Volunteering, reclaim-the-street-party
tion III tion, community participation
Aimed at: problems or community
Motivational Definition: Pol. Parti- Expressive p.p., individualized col- Political consumerism, boycotts. buy-
cipation-IV lective action, personalized cotts, etc.
-
Protest
Interim 1: Week 1 en 2..................................................................................................4
Lecture 1: Intro..............................................................................................................................4
1.1 Intro..................................................................................................................................................4
2.2 Van Deth, A Conceptual Map of Political Participation...................................................................4
2.3 Hutter & Kriesi, Movements of the Left, Movements of the Right Reconsidered............................5
Lecture 2: Parties & Voting..........................................................................................................7
2.1 The Socialization Model...................................................................................................................7
Smets et al. - A meta-analysis of individual-level research on voter turnout................................................8
2.2 The Resource Model.........................................................................................................................8
Antonucci et al. - The Malaise of the Squeezed Middle................................................................................9
2.3 Political Mobilization (political parties)...........................................................................................9
Krouwel - Party Models.................................................................................................................................9
2.4 The Psychological Model...............................................................................................................10
Lecture 3: Populism.....................................................................................................................11
Populism...............................................................................................................................................11
Mudde..........................................................................................................................................................11
Krouwel et al. - elements populism.............................................................................................................11
Understanding Varieties of European Populism - Smit et al. (2018)..........................................................13
Economic and Cultural Drivers of Populist Support.............................................................................14
Inglehart & Norris - Economic Have-Nots and Cultural Backlash.............................................................14
Oesch & Rennwald - Three Polar Political Space.......................................................................................15
Lecture 4: Movement Politics.....................................................................................................17
Della Porta - Movement Politics: an Introduction.......................................................................................17
4.1 Who Demonstrates?........................................................................................................................17
Norris & Walgrave - Who Demonstrates?...................................................................................................17
4.2 Potentials, Networks, Motivations & Barriers................................................................................18
Klandemans & Oegema...............................................................................................................................18
Interim 2: Week 4 en 5................................................................................................19
Lecture 5: Politics & The Internet.............................................................................................19
Hirzalla et al. Internet Use and Political Participation: Reflections on Mobilization/Normalization Contro-
versy....................................................................................................................................................................................19
Enroljas et al. Social Media and mobilization to Offline Demonstrations..................................................19
Lecture 6: Gender, Sexuality and Identity in Political Mobilization......................................21
Duyvendak - Gay and Lesbian movements Beyond Borders?....................................................................21
Bale et al. - Explaining Social democratic Responses to Challenge from the Populist Radical Right in
Western Europe..................................................................................................................................................................22
, Hooghe & Meeusen - Is Same-Sex Marriage Legislation..?.......................................................................23
Lecture 7: Radicalization............................................................................................................24
Van Stekelenburg & KlandeRmans - Radicalization...................................................................................24
Dalgaard-Nielsen - Violent Radicalization in Europe.................................................................................26
Doosje et al. - Susceptibility of Radical Right-Wing attitudes in Dutch Youth..........................................27
Lecture 8: Political Mobilization in Authoritarian Regimes...................................................29
Democratic Regimes.............................................................................................................................29
Brownlee - Politics under Authoritarianism................................................................................................30
Authoritarianism...................................................................................................................................30
Huber et al. - The Impact of Economic Development on Democracy.........................................................33
Çarkoglu et al. - Party Competition in the Middle East...............................................................................34
Debate about the role of social media...................................................................................................34
Interim 3: Week 6, 7 en 8............................................................................................35
Lecture 9: Campaigning and Framing......................................................................................35
9.1 Actors and Roles.............................................................................................................................35
9.2 Iyengar & Simon............................................................................................................................35
Iyengar & Simon - New Perspectives on Political Communication and Campaign Effects.......................35
9.3 Scheufele & Tewksbury.................................................................................................................38
Scheufele & Tewksbury - Framing, Agenda Setting and Priming..............................................................38
Chong & Druckman - Framing Theory.......................................................................................................38
Benford & Snow - Framing Processes and Social Movements...................................................................40
Lecture 10: Ethnicity & Immigration as Mobilizers................................................................41
10.1 Definitions....................................................................................................................................41
10.2 Natives’ reactions to immigration.................................................................................................41
Koopmans & Statham..................................................................................................................................41
Stockemer - Structural Data on Immigration or Immigration Perceptions?................................................42
Lubbers & Coenders - nationalistic attitude and voting for radical right....................................................42
Andretta & Pavan - Mapping Protest on the Refugee Crisis.......................................................................42
10.3 Participation of Ethnic Minorities.................................................................................................42
Bloemraad & Schonwalder..........................................................................................................................43
Michon & Vermeulen - Explaining different trajectories............................................................................43
Lecture 11: Inequality in Political Participation......................................................................44
11.1 Sources.........................................................................................................................................44
11.2 Mechanisms..................................................................................................................................45
Lancee & Van de Werfhorst - income inequality and participation............................................................46
Kern, Marien & Hooghe - Economic crisis and levels of PP in Europe......................................................46
Grasso & Giugni - PP and Economic Crisis................................................................................................47
Lecture 12: Non Participation....................................................................................................47
12.1 Trends...........................................................................................................................................47
Van Biezen et al. - Going, Going, Gone?....................................................................................................47
,Fieldhouse et al. (2007). Electoral participation of young people in Europe..............................................47
12.2 Wood & Flinders..................................................................................................................................48
, Interim 1: Week 1 en 2
LECTURE 1: INTRO
1.1 Intro
Two types of Political Participation:
• Electoral: voting, contacting officials, donating, campaigning
• Non-electoral: petitions, mass demonstrations, boycotts, violence; via social movements.
‘Political participation’ is often seen as voting, but voting actually has a downward turnout. Though protests
are getting bigger worldwide. Protests come and go in a flow. The Diamond Model shows different ways of
citizens to participate in politics. Either through elections, or through social movements.
2.2 Van Deth, A Conceptual Map of Political Participation
Defining political participation. Four main variants, one of them non-political.
Conge - definition: ‘individual or collective action at the national or local level that supports or opposes
decisions regarding allocation of public goods’. Saying we’re comparing apples to pears. Categorizations:
1. Forms: active - passive
2. Behaviour: aggressive - nonaggressive
3. Objects: structural - nonstructural
4. Aims: Governmental - nongovernmental
5. Actions: mobilized - voluntary
6. Outcomes: intended - unintended
↓
‘Too many definitions / categorizations of political participations:
- These definitions are too time-period dependent (now vs 30 years ago)
- Actual conclusions about development of political participation over time difficult to draw
- How to deal with expansion modes (internet).
Operational Concepts Types and commonly used labels Specimens of typical modes
Minimalist Definition: Pol. Partici- Conventional, institutional, elite-di- Voting, budget forms, party member-
pation-I rected action, formal ship, contacting politicians
Targeted Definition: Pol. Participa- Unconventional, non-institutional, Signing a petition, demonstrating,
tion-II protest, political action, elite- blockades. Painting slogans, flash
Target: government/politics/state challinging action, everyday activism mobs
Targeted Definition: Pol. Participa- Civic engagement, social participa- Volunteering, reclaim-the-street-party
tion III tion, community participation
Aimed at: problems or community
Motivational Definition: Pol. Parti- Expressive p.p., individualized col- Political consumerism, boycotts. buy-
cipation-IV lective action, personalized cotts, etc.
-
