BIO 168 Final Exam |87 Complete Questions and
Answers
metabolism - -the sum of all chemical reactions in an organism that support life.
-Levels of complexity - -Subatomic particles (electron, proton)->Atom (hydrogen atom)->
Molecule (water molecule, glucose molecule)-> Macromolecule (protein molecule, DNA
molecule)->Organelle (mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus)->Cell (muscle cell, nerve
cell)->Tissue (epithelia, connective) -> Organ (skin, heart) -> Organ System (skeletal
system, digestive system)-> Organism.
-homeostasis - -The body's maintenance of a stable internal environment.
-oxygen and metabolism - -...
-membranes - -Mucous membranes-Line body cavities that open to outside the body.
Nose, mouth.
Serous Membranes-Line walls of thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. Secrete serous fluid
that separates parietal layer (layer lining wall of cavity) from visceral layer (layer covering
the organ).
In thoracic cavity, parietal pleura lines thoracic compartments containing lungs. Visceral
pleura covers lungs.
Pericardial membranes-Surround heart. Visceral pericardium (epicardium) covers heart's
surface. Parietal pericardium is covered by thicker layer called fibrous pericardium.
Peritoneal membranes-In the abdominopelvic cavity. Parietal peritoneum lines walls of
abdominopelvic cavity. Visceral peritoneum covers most of organs in the cavity.
-sections of the body - -1. Sagittal-Lengthwise cut dividing the body into right and left
portions.
2. Transverse-Horizontal cut dividing the body into superior and inferior portions.
3. Frontal (coronal)-Section that divides the body into anterior and posterior positions.
-regions of the body - -See Figure 1.24 and 1.25 on pages 32-33 of Hole's Anatomy.
-cavities of the body - -1. Cranial-brain.
2. Vertebral canal (spinal cavity)-spinal cord, vertebrae.
3. Thoracic cavity-Lungs. The heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus are in the
mediastinum.
4. Abdominopelvic cavity
a. Abdominal cavity-Stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, small and large intestines.
, b. Pelvic cavity-Terminal end of large intestine, urinary bladder, internal reproductive
organs.
There are several smaller cavities within the head, including the oral cavity, nasal cavity,
orbital cavities, and middle ear cavities. Sphenoidal and frontal sinuses are connected to
the nasal cavity.
-elements/electrons/matter - -All matter is composed of fundamental substances called
elements. All elements are composed of particles called atoms. Atoms are compose of
protons (+), neutrons
(electrically neutral) and one or more electrons (-).
-functions of macromolecules - -1. carbohydrates-C,H,O-simple sugar-provide energy, cell
structure. Examples-glucose, starch.
2. proteins-C,H,O,N (often S)-amino acids-provide cell structure, enzymes, energy.
Examples-albumins, hemoglobin.
3. lipids-C,H,O (often P)-glycerol, fatty acids, phosphate groups-provide energy, cell
structure. Examples-Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids.
nucleic acids-C,H,O,N,P-nucleotides-Store information for the synthesis of proteins, control
cell activities. Examples-RNA, DNA.
-transport/active - -Active transport requires ATP. It goes against the concentration
gradient. Particles moved across cell membranes by active transport include sugars, amino
acids, and sodium, potassium, calcium, and hydrogen ions.
-passive/osmosis - -the movement of materials through a cell membrane without using
ATP. This may happen by osmosis, or diffusion of molecules from a place of higher
concentration to a place of lower concentration. It also may happen by filtration, where
molecules are forced through membranes by pressure caused by gravity.
-osmosis/hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic - -Osmosis is diffusion of molecules through a
semipermeable membrane from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower
concentration.
hypotonic solutions contain a low concentration of solute relative to another solution (e.g.
the cell's cytoplasm). When a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, the water diffuses into
the cell, causing the cell to swell and possibly explode. Example: A potato is placed in
purified water, which has a low concentration of solute relative to the potato. Therefore,
water diffuses into the potato, causing it to swell.
hypertonic solutions contain a high concentration of solute relative to another solution (e.g.
the cell's cytoplasm). When a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, the water diffuses out
of the cell, causing the cell to shrivel. Example: When a potato core is placed in very salty
water, the salty water has a high concentration of solute relative to the potato. Therefore,
water diffuses out of the potato and causes it to shrink.
Answers
metabolism - -the sum of all chemical reactions in an organism that support life.
-Levels of complexity - -Subatomic particles (electron, proton)->Atom (hydrogen atom)->
Molecule (water molecule, glucose molecule)-> Macromolecule (protein molecule, DNA
molecule)->Organelle (mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus)->Cell (muscle cell, nerve
cell)->Tissue (epithelia, connective) -> Organ (skin, heart) -> Organ System (skeletal
system, digestive system)-> Organism.
-homeostasis - -The body's maintenance of a stable internal environment.
-oxygen and metabolism - -...
-membranes - -Mucous membranes-Line body cavities that open to outside the body.
Nose, mouth.
Serous Membranes-Line walls of thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities. Secrete serous fluid
that separates parietal layer (layer lining wall of cavity) from visceral layer (layer covering
the organ).
In thoracic cavity, parietal pleura lines thoracic compartments containing lungs. Visceral
pleura covers lungs.
Pericardial membranes-Surround heart. Visceral pericardium (epicardium) covers heart's
surface. Parietal pericardium is covered by thicker layer called fibrous pericardium.
Peritoneal membranes-In the abdominopelvic cavity. Parietal peritoneum lines walls of
abdominopelvic cavity. Visceral peritoneum covers most of organs in the cavity.
-sections of the body - -1. Sagittal-Lengthwise cut dividing the body into right and left
portions.
2. Transverse-Horizontal cut dividing the body into superior and inferior portions.
3. Frontal (coronal)-Section that divides the body into anterior and posterior positions.
-regions of the body - -See Figure 1.24 and 1.25 on pages 32-33 of Hole's Anatomy.
-cavities of the body - -1. Cranial-brain.
2. Vertebral canal (spinal cavity)-spinal cord, vertebrae.
3. Thoracic cavity-Lungs. The heart, esophagus, trachea, and thymus are in the
mediastinum.
4. Abdominopelvic cavity
a. Abdominal cavity-Stomach, liver, spleen, gallbladder, kidneys, small and large intestines.
, b. Pelvic cavity-Terminal end of large intestine, urinary bladder, internal reproductive
organs.
There are several smaller cavities within the head, including the oral cavity, nasal cavity,
orbital cavities, and middle ear cavities. Sphenoidal and frontal sinuses are connected to
the nasal cavity.
-elements/electrons/matter - -All matter is composed of fundamental substances called
elements. All elements are composed of particles called atoms. Atoms are compose of
protons (+), neutrons
(electrically neutral) and one or more electrons (-).
-functions of macromolecules - -1. carbohydrates-C,H,O-simple sugar-provide energy, cell
structure. Examples-glucose, starch.
2. proteins-C,H,O,N (often S)-amino acids-provide cell structure, enzymes, energy.
Examples-albumins, hemoglobin.
3. lipids-C,H,O (often P)-glycerol, fatty acids, phosphate groups-provide energy, cell
structure. Examples-Triglycerides, phospholipids, steroids.
nucleic acids-C,H,O,N,P-nucleotides-Store information for the synthesis of proteins, control
cell activities. Examples-RNA, DNA.
-transport/active - -Active transport requires ATP. It goes against the concentration
gradient. Particles moved across cell membranes by active transport include sugars, amino
acids, and sodium, potassium, calcium, and hydrogen ions.
-passive/osmosis - -the movement of materials through a cell membrane without using
ATP. This may happen by osmosis, or diffusion of molecules from a place of higher
concentration to a place of lower concentration. It also may happen by filtration, where
molecules are forced through membranes by pressure caused by gravity.
-osmosis/hypotonic, hypertonic, isotonic - -Osmosis is diffusion of molecules through a
semipermeable membrane from a place of higher concentration to a place of lower
concentration.
hypotonic solutions contain a low concentration of solute relative to another solution (e.g.
the cell's cytoplasm). When a cell is placed in a hypotonic solution, the water diffuses into
the cell, causing the cell to swell and possibly explode. Example: A potato is placed in
purified water, which has a low concentration of solute relative to the potato. Therefore,
water diffuses into the potato, causing it to swell.
hypertonic solutions contain a high concentration of solute relative to another solution (e.g.
the cell's cytoplasm). When a cell is placed in a hypertonic solution, the water diffuses out
of the cell, causing the cell to shrivel. Example: When a potato core is placed in very salty
water, the salty water has a high concentration of solute relative to the potato. Therefore,
water diffuses out of the potato and causes it to shrink.
