BIO 168 final Exam |451 Questions and Answers (Bio
168 Anatomy & Physiology Wilson Community College)
Define Anatomy - -Anatomy studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to
one another. Body structures can be seen, felt, and examined closely
-Define Physiology - -Physiology concerns the function of the body, in other words, how
the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities.
-Why study A and P together - -Because function always reflects structure. For example,
bones can support and protect body organs because they contain hard mineral deposits,
and blood flows in one direction through the heart because the heart has valves that
prevent backflow.
-What is homeostasis? - -Homeostasis is used to describe its ability to maintain relatively
stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously. Although
the literal translation of homeostasis is "unchanging," the term does not really mean a
static, or unchanging, state. Rather, it indicates a dynamic state of equilibrium, or a balance,
in which internal conditions vary, but always within relatively narrow limits. In general, the
body is in homeostasis when its needs are adequately met and it is functioning smoothly.
-What does feedback control do? - -Regardless of the factor or event being regulated—the
variable—all homeostatic control mechanisms have at least three interdependent
components (Figure 1.4). The first component, the receptor, is some type of sensor that
monitors the environment and responds to changes, called stimuli, by sending information
(input) to the second component, the control center. Input flows from the receptor to the
control center along the so-called afferent pathway. The control center, which determines
the set point (the level or range at which a variable is to be maintained), analyzes the input
it receives and then determines the appropriate response or course of action. The third
component, the effector, provides the means for the control center's response (output) to
the stimulus. Information flows from the control center to the effector along the efferent
pathway. The results of the response then feed back to influence the stimulus, either
depressing it (negative feedback) so that the whole control mechanism is shut off or
enhancing it (positive feedback) so that the reaction continues at an even faster rate
-How are negative and positive feedback control different and Give an example of each - -
Negative Feedback is self-regulatory mechanism - Received info about change, then
reverses change back toward normal -output shuts off stimulus -prevent small changes
from becoming too large Ex - Blood glucose or Body temperature. Positive Feedback is rare
because output enhances stimulus -Ex - Labor or Blood clotting
-what are the Eleven body systems - -Integumentary, Skeletal, muscular, nervous,
endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive
, -Give general functions and organs in Integumentary - -********Need More. Function:
_________ Organ:skin
-Give general functions and organs in Skeletal - -Function: Protects & supports body
organs. Organ: bones
-Give general functions and organs in muscular - -Function: Allows manipulation of the
environment Organ: muscles - skeletal, smooth in organs and vessels, cardiac
-Give general functions and organs in nervous - -********Need More. Function: _________
Organ: brain, spinal cord, peripheral
-Give general functions and organs in endocrine - -********Need More. Function: _________
Organ: hormones - sex organs, thyroid, pancreas
-Give general functions and organs in cardiovascular - -Function: Blood vessels carry
blood with O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes, etc, and heart pumps blood. Organ: heart and vessels
-Give general functions and organs in lymphatic - -Function: Picks up fluid leaked from
blood vessels. Organ: Lymph Nodes
-Give general functions and organs in respiratory - -Function: Keeps blood full of O2 and
remove CO2. Organ: lungs
-Give general functions and organs in digestive - -Function: breaks down food into
absorbable units. Organ: esophagus, stomach, intestines
-Give general functions and organs in urinary - -Function: Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
from the body. Organ: kidneys, bladder
-Give general functions and organs in reproductive? - -********Need More. Function:
_________ Organ: reproduction and secondary sex characteristics
-Define metabolism? - -Metabolism (mĕ-tab′o-lizm; "a state of change") is a broad term
that includes all chemical reactions that occur within body cells. It includes breaking down
substances into their simpler building blocks (more specifically called catabolism),
synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler substances (anabolism), and
using nutrients and oxygen to produce (via cellular respiration) ATP, the energy-rich
molecules that power cellular activities. Metabolism depends on the digestive and
respiratory systems to make nutrients and oxygen available to the blood and on the
cardiovascular system to distribute these needed substances throughout the body.
Metabolism is regulated largely by hormones secreted by endocrine system glands.
-What are the three subatomic particles? - -Proton (+), Neutron (no charge),
electrons~Orbitals (-)
, -Know the three subatomic particles by charge and location? - -********Need More
-What are the 4 major Elements in the body? - -C - carbon, H - hydrogen, O - oxygen, N -
nitrogen
-Know names and symbols C, H, O, N, K, Na, Ca, Cl, Fe, P, S, I? - -Ca - calcium, P -
phosphorus, K - potassium, Na - sodium
-Isotopes what are they - relate them to a medical use? - -"Atoms w unusual number of
neutrons are called isotopes. Radioactive Isotopes atoms that undergo spontaneous decay
will give off radioactivity as it returns to common state. In medicine, to diagnose, we use
radioactive isotopes that return to stable state in only a dew days (tracers) - tracked by
radiation they emit. Cancer treatment different isotopes w longer lifespans"
-Chemical Bonds? - -Forces that hold atoms together in compounds. Breaking bonds
releases stored energy (think digestion)
-What atoms form Ionic types of bonds? - -NaCl
-How is Ionic bond formed? - -transferred electrons
-What is the strength of Ionic bond? - -weaker
-What atoms form Covalent types of bonds? - -C, H, O, N
-How is Covalent bond formed? - -shared electrons
-What is the strength of Covalent bond? - -very tight
-Polar covalent - importance in hydrogen bonding? - -Polar covalent bonds have charged
ends that attract molecules that have the opposite charge. These are responsible for bonds
between water molecules
-Hydogen bond - what is it and how strong? - -is a Polar covalent bond. It is weak (polar
attractions). The H+ bond to the O- and so on.
-Describe each of the three types Chemical Reactions and give an example of each for
Synthesis? - -Synthesis is forming a compound: A + B --> AB
-Describe each of the three types Chemical Reactions and give an example of each for
Decomposition? - -"Decomposition - breaking a compound and releasing energy AB --> A +
B"
-Describe each of the three types Chemical Reactions and give an example of each for
Reversible? - -Reversible A + B <-->AB (arrow should go both ways)
168 Anatomy & Physiology Wilson Community College)
Define Anatomy - -Anatomy studies the structure of body parts and their relationships to
one another. Body structures can be seen, felt, and examined closely
-Define Physiology - -Physiology concerns the function of the body, in other words, how
the body parts work and carry out their life-sustaining activities.
-Why study A and P together - -Because function always reflects structure. For example,
bones can support and protect body organs because they contain hard mineral deposits,
and blood flows in one direction through the heart because the heart has valves that
prevent backflow.
-What is homeostasis? - -Homeostasis is used to describe its ability to maintain relatively
stable internal conditions even though the outside world changes continuously. Although
the literal translation of homeostasis is "unchanging," the term does not really mean a
static, or unchanging, state. Rather, it indicates a dynamic state of equilibrium, or a balance,
in which internal conditions vary, but always within relatively narrow limits. In general, the
body is in homeostasis when its needs are adequately met and it is functioning smoothly.
-What does feedback control do? - -Regardless of the factor or event being regulated—the
variable—all homeostatic control mechanisms have at least three interdependent
components (Figure 1.4). The first component, the receptor, is some type of sensor that
monitors the environment and responds to changes, called stimuli, by sending information
(input) to the second component, the control center. Input flows from the receptor to the
control center along the so-called afferent pathway. The control center, which determines
the set point (the level or range at which a variable is to be maintained), analyzes the input
it receives and then determines the appropriate response or course of action. The third
component, the effector, provides the means for the control center's response (output) to
the stimulus. Information flows from the control center to the effector along the efferent
pathway. The results of the response then feed back to influence the stimulus, either
depressing it (negative feedback) so that the whole control mechanism is shut off or
enhancing it (positive feedback) so that the reaction continues at an even faster rate
-How are negative and positive feedback control different and Give an example of each - -
Negative Feedback is self-regulatory mechanism - Received info about change, then
reverses change back toward normal -output shuts off stimulus -prevent small changes
from becoming too large Ex - Blood glucose or Body temperature. Positive Feedback is rare
because output enhances stimulus -Ex - Labor or Blood clotting
-what are the Eleven body systems - -Integumentary, Skeletal, muscular, nervous,
endocrine, cardiovascular, lymphatic, respiratory, digestive, urinary, reproductive
, -Give general functions and organs in Integumentary - -********Need More. Function:
_________ Organ:skin
-Give general functions and organs in Skeletal - -Function: Protects & supports body
organs. Organ: bones
-Give general functions and organs in muscular - -Function: Allows manipulation of the
environment Organ: muscles - skeletal, smooth in organs and vessels, cardiac
-Give general functions and organs in nervous - -********Need More. Function: _________
Organ: brain, spinal cord, peripheral
-Give general functions and organs in endocrine - -********Need More. Function: _________
Organ: hormones - sex organs, thyroid, pancreas
-Give general functions and organs in cardiovascular - -Function: Blood vessels carry
blood with O2, CO2, nutrients, wastes, etc, and heart pumps blood. Organ: heart and vessels
-Give general functions and organs in lymphatic - -Function: Picks up fluid leaked from
blood vessels. Organ: Lymph Nodes
-Give general functions and organs in respiratory - -Function: Keeps blood full of O2 and
remove CO2. Organ: lungs
-Give general functions and organs in digestive - -Function: breaks down food into
absorbable units. Organ: esophagus, stomach, intestines
-Give general functions and organs in urinary - -Function: Eliminates nitrogenous wastes
from the body. Organ: kidneys, bladder
-Give general functions and organs in reproductive? - -********Need More. Function:
_________ Organ: reproduction and secondary sex characteristics
-Define metabolism? - -Metabolism (mĕ-tab′o-lizm; "a state of change") is a broad term
that includes all chemical reactions that occur within body cells. It includes breaking down
substances into their simpler building blocks (more specifically called catabolism),
synthesizing more complex cellular structures from simpler substances (anabolism), and
using nutrients and oxygen to produce (via cellular respiration) ATP, the energy-rich
molecules that power cellular activities. Metabolism depends on the digestive and
respiratory systems to make nutrients and oxygen available to the blood and on the
cardiovascular system to distribute these needed substances throughout the body.
Metabolism is regulated largely by hormones secreted by endocrine system glands.
-What are the three subatomic particles? - -Proton (+), Neutron (no charge),
electrons~Orbitals (-)
, -Know the three subatomic particles by charge and location? - -********Need More
-What are the 4 major Elements in the body? - -C - carbon, H - hydrogen, O - oxygen, N -
nitrogen
-Know names and symbols C, H, O, N, K, Na, Ca, Cl, Fe, P, S, I? - -Ca - calcium, P -
phosphorus, K - potassium, Na - sodium
-Isotopes what are they - relate them to a medical use? - -"Atoms w unusual number of
neutrons are called isotopes. Radioactive Isotopes atoms that undergo spontaneous decay
will give off radioactivity as it returns to common state. In medicine, to diagnose, we use
radioactive isotopes that return to stable state in only a dew days (tracers) - tracked by
radiation they emit. Cancer treatment different isotopes w longer lifespans"
-Chemical Bonds? - -Forces that hold atoms together in compounds. Breaking bonds
releases stored energy (think digestion)
-What atoms form Ionic types of bonds? - -NaCl
-How is Ionic bond formed? - -transferred electrons
-What is the strength of Ionic bond? - -weaker
-What atoms form Covalent types of bonds? - -C, H, O, N
-How is Covalent bond formed? - -shared electrons
-What is the strength of Covalent bond? - -very tight
-Polar covalent - importance in hydrogen bonding? - -Polar covalent bonds have charged
ends that attract molecules that have the opposite charge. These are responsible for bonds
between water molecules
-Hydogen bond - what is it and how strong? - -is a Polar covalent bond. It is weak (polar
attractions). The H+ bond to the O- and so on.
-Describe each of the three types Chemical Reactions and give an example of each for
Synthesis? - -Synthesis is forming a compound: A + B --> AB
-Describe each of the three types Chemical Reactions and give an example of each for
Decomposition? - -"Decomposition - breaking a compound and releasing energy AB --> A +
B"
-Describe each of the three types Chemical Reactions and give an example of each for
Reversible? - -Reversible A + B <-->AB (arrow should go both ways)
