Anatomy & Physiology Bio 168: Chapter 2 Exam
Q’s and A’s
Biochemistry - -Chemistry of living things
-element - -A pure substance made of only one kind of atom
-Atomic number - -Number of protons in an atom
-24 elements have biological role - -24 elements that make up the human body
-6 elements that make up 98.5% of body weight - -Carbon, Hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen,
phosphorus, and sulfur
-Trace Elements - -An element indispensable for life but required in extremely minute
amounts.
-minerals - -inorganic elements extracted from soil by plants and passed up food chain to
humans
-Electrolytes - -mineral salts needed for nerve and muscle function
-planetary model - -electrons move around the nucleus in fixed, circular orbits
-Nucleus - -center of atom
-Protons - -A positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom
-Neutron - -A particle found in the nucleus with mass similar to the proton but with zero
electric charge.
-Electrons - -Light negatively charged particles that orbit around nucleus. (clouds)
-electrically neutral - -an object that has equal amounts of positive and negative charges
-Valence electrons - -Electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom
-Isotopes - -Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.
-Isotopes of an element - -are chemically similar because they have the same number of
valence electrons
-Radioisotopes - -Intense radiation can be ionizing
, -Ionizing - -Ejects electrons, destroys molecules, creates free radicals.
Can cause cancer or mutations
-Physical half-life - -time it takes for 50% of the radioisotope to become stable
-Biological half-life - -time required for 50% of radioisotope to clear from body
-Sievert (Sv) - -Unit of radiation dosage
-Fatal Radiation - -5 Sv
-Ion - -A particle that is electrically charged (positive or negative)
-Ionization - -Energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom
-Anion - -particle that gains electron(s) (net negative charge
-cation - -particle that loses electron(s) (net positive charge)
-Ions with opposite charges - -are attracted to eachother
-Electrolyte Importance - -chemical reactivity, osmotic effects, electrical effects on nerve
and muscle tissue
-electrolyte balance - -one of most important considerations in patient care.
-Free Radicals - -Chemical particles with an odd number of electrons
Trigger reactions that destroy molecules, and can cause cancer, death of heart tissue, and
aging
-Antioxidants - -Chemicals that neutralize free radicals
-Molecule - -A group of atoms bonded together
-Compound - -A substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio.
-Molecular formula - -Gives the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule of a
compound.
-Structural formula - -an expanded molecular formula showing the arrangement of atoms
within the molecule
-Isomers - -Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures.
-molecular weight (MW) of a compound - -is the sum of the atomic weights of its atoms.
Q’s and A’s
Biochemistry - -Chemistry of living things
-element - -A pure substance made of only one kind of atom
-Atomic number - -Number of protons in an atom
-24 elements have biological role - -24 elements that make up the human body
-6 elements that make up 98.5% of body weight - -Carbon, Hydrogen, nitrogen, oxygen,
phosphorus, and sulfur
-Trace Elements - -An element indispensable for life but required in extremely minute
amounts.
-minerals - -inorganic elements extracted from soil by plants and passed up food chain to
humans
-Electrolytes - -mineral salts needed for nerve and muscle function
-planetary model - -electrons move around the nucleus in fixed, circular orbits
-Nucleus - -center of atom
-Protons - -A positively charged particle in the nucleus of an atom
-Neutron - -A particle found in the nucleus with mass similar to the proton but with zero
electric charge.
-Electrons - -Light negatively charged particles that orbit around nucleus. (clouds)
-electrically neutral - -an object that has equal amounts of positive and negative charges
-Valence electrons - -Electrons in the outermost energy level of an atom
-Isotopes - -Atoms of the same element that have different numbers of neutrons.
-Isotopes of an element - -are chemically similar because they have the same number of
valence electrons
-Radioisotopes - -Intense radiation can be ionizing
, -Ionizing - -Ejects electrons, destroys molecules, creates free radicals.
Can cause cancer or mutations
-Physical half-life - -time it takes for 50% of the radioisotope to become stable
-Biological half-life - -time required for 50% of radioisotope to clear from body
-Sievert (Sv) - -Unit of radiation dosage
-Fatal Radiation - -5 Sv
-Ion - -A particle that is electrically charged (positive or negative)
-Ionization - -Energy required to remove an electron from a gaseous atom
-Anion - -particle that gains electron(s) (net negative charge
-cation - -particle that loses electron(s) (net positive charge)
-Ions with opposite charges - -are attracted to eachother
-Electrolyte Importance - -chemical reactivity, osmotic effects, electrical effects on nerve
and muscle tissue
-electrolyte balance - -one of most important considerations in patient care.
-Free Radicals - -Chemical particles with an odd number of electrons
Trigger reactions that destroy molecules, and can cause cancer, death of heart tissue, and
aging
-Antioxidants - -Chemicals that neutralize free radicals
-Molecule - -A group of atoms bonded together
-Compound - -A substance consisting of two or more elements in a fixed ratio.
-Molecular formula - -Gives the actual number of atoms of each element in a molecule of a
compound.
-Structural formula - -an expanded molecular formula showing the arrangement of atoms
within the molecule
-Isomers - -Compounds that have the same molecular formula but different structures.
-molecular weight (MW) of a compound - -is the sum of the atomic weights of its atoms.
