MED SURG 120-NURS 120 FINAL
EXAM (2025-2026) QUESTIONS AND
(elaborated) ANSWETRS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Trans-cultural nursing - answerproviding care to patients and families across cultural
variations. Acknowledge, respect, & adapt to patient.
Culture can strongly influence a patients thinking, doing, and being.
Five signs of inflammation - answerredness, warmth, swelling, pain, loss of function.
sequence of events of inflammation - answervasodilation, increased vascular
permeability (increased plasma), & leukocyte cellular infiltration
*Repairative process*begins at same time as injury**
cultural nursing assessment - answerSystematic way to identify the beliefs, values,
meanings, and behaviors of people while considering their history, life experiences, and
the social and physical environments in which they live.
*"Know Thyself" know your own cultural attitudes, beliefs. Recognize that every one has
cultural "baggage" do not judge anyone for their beliefs*
Blood Transfusion - answerblood must be started within 15-20 minutes from obtaining
the blood.
18G needle prefered (20 or higher can be used)
Blood Transfusion Consent - answerA patient's written permission to receive blood or
blood products. *IF* the patient is unable to sign and it is an emergency situation two
doctors can sign the consent.
Jehovah's Witness - answerNo blood products should be used
blood transfusion procedure - answerany allergies?- type & cross match blood, check
blood for bubbles, dark color, or cloudiness- change IV line (per policy usually one or
two units of blood per line)- ID check by two nurses- baseline vitals- start with normal
saline- run blood slowly for first 15 minutes- stay with client for 15-30 min- recheck vital
signs after 15 of infusing blood- if no adverse affects increase rate- take vital signs
every hour until completed and then every 3 hours (or per facility protocol)- inform pt to
report any s/s of reactions
, reactions during blood transfusion - answerstop the blood first! restart saline, notify
health care provider, may use supportive care (benadryl, oxygen, corticosteriods)
Electrolyte values - answerSodium: 135-145 (-natremia)
Chloride: 96-106 (-chloremia)
Calcium: 8.5-10.5 (-calcemia)
Potassium: 3.5-5.5 (-kalemia)
Magnesium: 1.5-2.5 (-magnesemia)
Phosphorus: 2.7-4.5 (-phosphatemia)
FVD (fluid volume deficit) - answerhypovolemia
FVE (fluid volume excess) - answerhypervolemia
ABG (Arterial Blood Gas) - answeressential part of diagnosing & managing oxygenation
status and acid-base balance of high-risk patients
ABG's values (normal) - answerpH:7.35-7.45
Pco2: 45-35 (lungs/respiratory)
Hco3: 22-26 (kidneys/metabolic)
buffer systems in the body - answer*LUNGS AS A BUFFER*- primary control of body's
carbonic acid supply.
*KIDNEY AS A BUFFER*-works by concentration of bicarb in body. Kidneys either
excrete or hang on to bicarb in the response to the pH of blood. Acidosis- kidney
excretes h ion & conserves bicarb. Alkalosis - kidneys retain H ions.
*ECF, ICF, HGB* are other buffer systems for maintain acid-base balance
when a patient codes - answer--most people become acidosis when they code—they
will be administered sodium bicarb
foley catheter care - answer• Empty foley bag q8hr at least, keep below level of bladder,
do not let bag lay on floor
• DC catheter correctly!
• Peri care- do not go up tubing, always go away from where catheter exits body
• Sterile specimen can be taken from port on catheter using sterile syringe w/needle-
check facility policy
urinalysis (UA) - answerurine screening test that includes physical observation,
chemical tests, and microscopic evaluation
*specific gravity*
urinalysis: dehydration - answerUrinalysis can tell us a lot about dehydration. The color
and clarity of urine, the urine's specific gravity (the mass of urine is compared with that
of equal amounts of distilled water), and the presence of ketones (carbon compounds
that signify dehydration) in the urine may all help to indicate the degree of dehydration.
EXAM (2025-2026) QUESTIONS AND
(elaborated) ANSWETRS WITH
COMPLETE SOLUTIONS
Trans-cultural nursing - answerproviding care to patients and families across cultural
variations. Acknowledge, respect, & adapt to patient.
Culture can strongly influence a patients thinking, doing, and being.
Five signs of inflammation - answerredness, warmth, swelling, pain, loss of function.
sequence of events of inflammation - answervasodilation, increased vascular
permeability (increased plasma), & leukocyte cellular infiltration
*Repairative process*begins at same time as injury**
cultural nursing assessment - answerSystematic way to identify the beliefs, values,
meanings, and behaviors of people while considering their history, life experiences, and
the social and physical environments in which they live.
*"Know Thyself" know your own cultural attitudes, beliefs. Recognize that every one has
cultural "baggage" do not judge anyone for their beliefs*
Blood Transfusion - answerblood must be started within 15-20 minutes from obtaining
the blood.
18G needle prefered (20 or higher can be used)
Blood Transfusion Consent - answerA patient's written permission to receive blood or
blood products. *IF* the patient is unable to sign and it is an emergency situation two
doctors can sign the consent.
Jehovah's Witness - answerNo blood products should be used
blood transfusion procedure - answerany allergies?- type & cross match blood, check
blood for bubbles, dark color, or cloudiness- change IV line (per policy usually one or
two units of blood per line)- ID check by two nurses- baseline vitals- start with normal
saline- run blood slowly for first 15 minutes- stay with client for 15-30 min- recheck vital
signs after 15 of infusing blood- if no adverse affects increase rate- take vital signs
every hour until completed and then every 3 hours (or per facility protocol)- inform pt to
report any s/s of reactions
, reactions during blood transfusion - answerstop the blood first! restart saline, notify
health care provider, may use supportive care (benadryl, oxygen, corticosteriods)
Electrolyte values - answerSodium: 135-145 (-natremia)
Chloride: 96-106 (-chloremia)
Calcium: 8.5-10.5 (-calcemia)
Potassium: 3.5-5.5 (-kalemia)
Magnesium: 1.5-2.5 (-magnesemia)
Phosphorus: 2.7-4.5 (-phosphatemia)
FVD (fluid volume deficit) - answerhypovolemia
FVE (fluid volume excess) - answerhypervolemia
ABG (Arterial Blood Gas) - answeressential part of diagnosing & managing oxygenation
status and acid-base balance of high-risk patients
ABG's values (normal) - answerpH:7.35-7.45
Pco2: 45-35 (lungs/respiratory)
Hco3: 22-26 (kidneys/metabolic)
buffer systems in the body - answer*LUNGS AS A BUFFER*- primary control of body's
carbonic acid supply.
*KIDNEY AS A BUFFER*-works by concentration of bicarb in body. Kidneys either
excrete or hang on to bicarb in the response to the pH of blood. Acidosis- kidney
excretes h ion & conserves bicarb. Alkalosis - kidneys retain H ions.
*ECF, ICF, HGB* are other buffer systems for maintain acid-base balance
when a patient codes - answer--most people become acidosis when they code—they
will be administered sodium bicarb
foley catheter care - answer• Empty foley bag q8hr at least, keep below level of bladder,
do not let bag lay on floor
• DC catheter correctly!
• Peri care- do not go up tubing, always go away from where catheter exits body
• Sterile specimen can be taken from port on catheter using sterile syringe w/needle-
check facility policy
urinalysis (UA) - answerurine screening test that includes physical observation,
chemical tests, and microscopic evaluation
*specific gravity*
urinalysis: dehydration - answerUrinalysis can tell us a lot about dehydration. The color
and clarity of urine, the urine's specific gravity (the mass of urine is compared with that
of equal amounts of distilled water), and the presence of ketones (carbon compounds
that signify dehydration) in the urine may all help to indicate the degree of dehydration.
