NYU Patho- Week 9- Diabetes Exam Questions And Answers Verified 100% Correct

NYU Patho- Week 9- Diabetes Exam Questions And Answers Verified 100% Correct Why does insulin secretion increase with glucagon increase? - ANSWER insulin is released in anticipation of the higher blood glucose levels that will result from glucagon's glycogen breakdown What causes insulin secretions to decrease - ANSWER low blood glucose, high insulin levels where is glucose converted to glycogen, fats and proteins - ANSWER in the liver 3 hormones other than (insulin) that affect blood sugar levels? - ANSWER 1. catecholamines 2. Growth hormone 3. Glucocorticoids catecholamines - ANSWER 1. comprised or epinephrine and norepinephrine 2. helps maintain blood glucose levels during periods of stress. Growth hormones - ANSWER increases protein synthesis in all cells of the body, mobilizes fatty acids from adipose tissue, and antagonizes the effects of insulin. Glucocorticoids - ANSWER streoids critical to surviving duding fasting and starvation. Promotes gluconeagenesis in the liver via glucagon and decrease cell sensitivity to insulin. people on steroid therapy struggle with hyperglycemia. Why do we need glucose inside our cells? - ANSWER to help with energy production (ATP production) Where is extra glucose stored and in what form? - ANSWER Stored as glycogen in the liver? gluconeogenisis - ANSWER the formation of glucose from fats and proteins what are the three P's (symptoms of diabetes) - ANSWER 1. polyuria (excessive urination) 2. polyphasia (excess eating) 3. polydipsia (excess hunger and thirst) pathophysiology of type 1 diabetes - ANSWER autoimmune destruction of the beta cells in the pancreas leads to a lack of insulin production and release. characteristics of type 1 diabetes - ANSWER 1. insulin is not produced at all of severely low levels 2. caused by cell mediated autimmunity (type 4 hypersensitivity) 3. S/S seen after 90% of beta cells are destroyed 4. may be genetic complications of type 1 diabetes - ANSWER 1. hyperglycemia 2. hyperketonemia- 3. ketoacidosis- severe cases diagnostic measures for type 1 diabetic patients - ANSWER 1. examine blood glucoses levels 2. random, oral glucose tolerance, 3. high A1C levels. 4. Check insulin levels in the body (low levels confirms type 1) Treatment for type 1 diabetes - ANSWER 1. insulin replacement therapy 2. Carb management 3. exercise increases insulin sensitivity. percentage of diabetics with type 1 diabetes - ANSWER 10% percentage of diabetics with type 2 diabetes - ANSWER 90% Why do type 1 diabetes patients present with the 3 P's - ANSWER 1. polyuria (kidneys are trying to get rid of excess sugar due to osmotic dieresis) 2. polydipsia (the excess urination cause thirst 3. polyphasia (the cells aren't getting enough glucose so the body feels starved) What does CAD stand for? - ANSWER Coronary artery disease characteristics of type 2 diabetes mellitus - ANSWER 1. OBESITY 2. age (used to present in mostly older patients) 3. high blood sugar but not as high as in type 1 4. high levels of insulin and sugar. diagnostic measures for type 2 diabetes - ANSWER 1. blood glucose test 2. insulin test coma inducing blood glucose levels - ANSWER 45-60mg/dl Treatment for type 2 diabetes - ANSWER 1. weight control 2. oral glycemia agents after trying weight control 3. maintain sugar levels between 70-110 4. Hgb A1C levels 6.5% 5. After a long time, beta cells are destroyed so insulin therapy is required pathophysiology for type 2 diabetes - ANSWER combination of factors including resistance by body cells to insulin, increased production of glucose in the liver, and possibly decreased beta cell production of insulin. lab values available to diagnose diabetes mellitus - ANSWER 1. hemoglobin A1 C (this is most effective diagnostic) 2. fasting blood glucose test 3. oral glucose tolerance test 4. random glucose test A1C prediabetic levels - ANSWER 5.7-6.4 % A1C for diabetic levels - ANSWER 6.5 % or above which form of diabetes tends to show the highest blood glucose levels - ANSWER HHS Normal A1C levels - ANSWER about 5 % or below normal fasting plasma glucose levels - ANSWER 99 mg/dl prediabetic fasting plasma glucose levels - ANSWER 100-125 mg/dl diabetic fasting plasma glucose levels - ANSWER 126 or above why do infections cause hyperglycemia? - ANSWER the stress of the infection releases more glucocorticoids Diabetes Oral Glucose Tolerance Test levels - ANSWER 200 mg/dl or above Prediabetes Oral Glucose Tolerance Test levels - ANSWER 140-199 mg/dl normal Oral Glucose Tolerance Test levels - ANSWER 139 or below what is a major symptom of HHS - ANSWER profound dehydration due to severe dieresis