NYU Patho- Week 6- respiratory disorders Exam Questions And Answers Verified 100% Correct

NYU Patho- Week 6- respiratory disorders Exam Questions And Answers Verified 100% Correct what are diagnositc tests for TB - ANSWER 1. inactive infections: use PPD test (if positive, need confirmation from xray) 2. active infections: acid fast sputum test, radiography, sputum culture and sensitivity. Characteristics of Intrinsic Asthma - ANSWER 1. onset in adulthood 2. hyperresponsive tissue in airway 3. caused by continuous respiratory infections, stress, exercise, irritants, exposure to cold, drugs. characteristics of extrinsic asthma - ANSWER 1. typical form of asthma 2. onset usually in children 3. triggered by type 1 hypersensitivity (IgE tells mast cells to release histamine- leads to bronchoconstriction, mucous and obstruction General pathophysiology of Asthma - ANSWER Airway obstruction due to 1. chronic inflammation and constriction of bronchial tree due to hypersensitivity to particular stimulus (blood vessels dilate &engorge) 2. mucus plugs form 3. bronchospasms 5 clinical manifestations of early phase Asthma - ANSWER 1. chest tightness 2. WHEEZING ON EXPIRATION 3. dyspnea/tachypnea 4. non-productive cough 5. pain when breathing 6 clinical manifestations of severe Asthma - ANSWER 1. wheezing on INSPIRATION AND EXPIRATION, worse dyspnea, accessory muscle use, thick/sticky mucous, tachycardia, hypoxia/hypoxemia Describe status asthmaticus - ANSWER 1. severe, persistent asthma attack 2. doesn't respond to usual therapy 3. emergency- requires intubation 4. fatal- hypoxia and acidosis 5. pulsus paradox: pulse differs on inspiration and expiration- indicates worse status Diagnostic measures for Asthma - ANSWER mine triggers through skin allergy test 2. pulmonary function test- use bronchodilators when , 80% 3. Lab studies- ABG, eosinophils will be high with allergic reactions 4. chest x-rays show hyperinflation 5. pulse ox tells O2 saturation of tissues Treatment for Asthma - ANSWER 1. avoid triggers- house should have good ventilation/ AC/ filters 2. swimming and walking increases lung volume 3. inhalers and drugs can be short acting(albuterol) or long acting 4. bronchodilators, glucocorticoids 5. breathing techniques (e.g pursed lip) what are the four kinds of asthma - ANSWER 1. intermittent 2. mild persistent 3. moderate persisten 4. severe persistent How does an asthma patient keep track of their own condition? - ANSWER They use PEFR (peak expiratory flow rate) tests to determine condition of respiration. If less than 80% capacity= attack coming; 60% see health provider, 40% emergency clinical manifestations of chronic bronchitis - ANSWER 1. chronic cough 2. thick purulent sputum 3. Ronchi (some wheezing) 4. sever cough in AM 5. tachypnea, short of breath 6. hypercapnea and hypoxemia/hypoxia 7. cyanosis 8. polycythemia (increase of RBC to increase O2) 9. cor pulmonale 10. clubbing nails due to fibrosis +increase tissue at tips of digits Diagnosis of Chronic Bonchitis - ANSWER 1. chronic cough and infection for more than 3 months more than twice a year. What comprises the upper respiratory system? - ANSWER 1. nose 2. mouth 3. nasopharynx 4. oropharynx What comprises the lower respiratory system? - ANSWER 1. trachea 2. bronchi/bronchioles, 3. alveoli Which is sterile: the lower or the upper respiratory system? - ANSWER lower how the nasal cavity help preventing infection? - ANSWER traps bacteria with mucus and uses cilia to push foreign material away. how the nasopharynx prevents infections - ANSWER the tonsils filtrate and have phagocytes that trap invaders before they get to lower respiratory tract which tube is used to transport food to the stomach - ANSWER esophagus where do the vocal chords lie - ANSWER larynx characteristics of alveoli - ANSWER 1. lined with simple squamous epithelia 2. have surfactanct that decreases surface tension and allows them to remain inflated at all times (and not collapse during respiration) 3. where gas exchange occurs 6 defenses of the respiratory tract - ANSWER 1. nasal turbinate (air is filtrated by mucous and cilia) 2. cilia and in upper and lower airway 3. mucosal lining: entire mouth, oropharynx, nasopharynx , tonsild 4. irritant receptors: causes sneezing in upper respiratory tract and coughs in lower. 5. resident flora in upper respiratory tract 6. immune protection through mononuclear phagocytic system. what is Boyle's law as it relates to ventilation - ANSWER boyle's law states that the pressure inside a container decreases as the volume increases. So when the lungs inspire, and thus increase in volume, the intrapulmonary pressure decreases. Because the air pressure outside is higher than the pressure inside the lungs, the air will move from outside to inside during respiration. When you you exhale the pressure inside the lungs increase as the lungs get smaller, reversing the intrapulmonary and external pressure gradient, and thus sending air out. What are the three main respiratory muscles - ANSWER 1. intercostals 2. diaphragm 3. sternocleidomastoid what parts of the brain control respiration - ANSWER medulla and pons in the brain stem chemoreceptors - ANSWER