GMS6419: MEDICAL ENDOCRINE AND
REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY. EXAM
2025 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
What are the three components of the endocrine system - ANS endocrine glands
hormones
target organs/target cells
definition of hormones - ANS chemical messengers that are transported by the blood to
target cells/organs where they elicit a physiological change
what is the function of the endocrine system - ANS to regulate cellular and organ function
throughout life and maintain normal body homeostasis
the endocrine system regulates: - ANS -growth/developmental processes
-reproduction
-energy balance/metabolism
-body temperature
-stress responses
-sodium/potassium/calcium/phosphate
1
-water and sodium balance
Page
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, -cardiovascular regulation
-GI system
where are hormones made - ANS by the glands
how are the endocrine and neurocrine systems different - ANS there is no endocrine gland
so the hormone is released from the nerve terminal instead
where are hormones released in the paracrine and autocrine systems - ANS into the
interstitial fluid and then to the receptors on target cells
examples of paracrine and autocrine systems - ANS growth factors
cytokines
neurotransmitters (NTs)
what are the major endocrine glands - ANS hypothalamus
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
parathyroid gland
adrenal gland
pancreas
ovaries
testes
what are the master endocrine glands - ANS hypothalamus
pituitary gland
2
Page
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, hypothalamus hormones - ANS releasing/inhibiting hormones
pituitary gland hormones - ANS ACTH
TSH
GH
LH
FSH
PRL
SST
AVP
OT
thyroid gland hormones - ANS T3
T4
CT
parathyroid gland hormones - ANS PTH
adrenal gland hormones - ANS ALDO
CORT
EPI
NE
pancreas hormones - ANS insulin
glucagon
3
Page
ovarian hormones - ANS estrogen
@COPYRIGHT @THEBRIGHT 2025/2026
, progesterone
inhibin
testes hormones - ANS testosterone
inhibin
what are the three major classes of hormones - ANS proteins/peptides (largest group)
steroids/steroid-like molecules
tyrosine-derived hormones
where are most peptide hormones made - ANS intracellularly
steps of making a peptide hormone - ANS starts with DNA
mRNA
preprohormone (ribosomes)
prohormone (endoplasmic reticulum)
hormone (golgi bodies)
where do peptide hormones go once they are made - ANS stored in secretory/storage
granules until they are released
characteristics of peptide hormones - ANS hydrophilic (water soluble)
usually circulate freely in blood
short half-life (rapid metabolism and excretion)
bind to membrane receptors at target cell
4
Page
what triggers exocytosis of peptide hormones from cell - ANS Calcium
@COPYRIGHT @THEBRIGHT 2025/2026
REPRODUCTIVE PHYSIOLOGY. EXAM
2025 QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS
What are the three components of the endocrine system - ANS endocrine glands
hormones
target organs/target cells
definition of hormones - ANS chemical messengers that are transported by the blood to
target cells/organs where they elicit a physiological change
what is the function of the endocrine system - ANS to regulate cellular and organ function
throughout life and maintain normal body homeostasis
the endocrine system regulates: - ANS -growth/developmental processes
-reproduction
-energy balance/metabolism
-body temperature
-stress responses
-sodium/potassium/calcium/phosphate
1
-water and sodium balance
Page
@COPYRIGHT @THEBRIGHT 2025/2026
, -cardiovascular regulation
-GI system
where are hormones made - ANS by the glands
how are the endocrine and neurocrine systems different - ANS there is no endocrine gland
so the hormone is released from the nerve terminal instead
where are hormones released in the paracrine and autocrine systems - ANS into the
interstitial fluid and then to the receptors on target cells
examples of paracrine and autocrine systems - ANS growth factors
cytokines
neurotransmitters (NTs)
what are the major endocrine glands - ANS hypothalamus
pituitary gland
thyroid gland
parathyroid gland
adrenal gland
pancreas
ovaries
testes
what are the master endocrine glands - ANS hypothalamus
pituitary gland
2
Page
@COPYRIGHT @THEBRIGHT 2025/2026
, hypothalamus hormones - ANS releasing/inhibiting hormones
pituitary gland hormones - ANS ACTH
TSH
GH
LH
FSH
PRL
SST
AVP
OT
thyroid gland hormones - ANS T3
T4
CT
parathyroid gland hormones - ANS PTH
adrenal gland hormones - ANS ALDO
CORT
EPI
NE
pancreas hormones - ANS insulin
glucagon
3
Page
ovarian hormones - ANS estrogen
@COPYRIGHT @THEBRIGHT 2025/2026
, progesterone
inhibin
testes hormones - ANS testosterone
inhibin
what are the three major classes of hormones - ANS proteins/peptides (largest group)
steroids/steroid-like molecules
tyrosine-derived hormones
where are most peptide hormones made - ANS intracellularly
steps of making a peptide hormone - ANS starts with DNA
mRNA
preprohormone (ribosomes)
prohormone (endoplasmic reticulum)
hormone (golgi bodies)
where do peptide hormones go once they are made - ANS stored in secretory/storage
granules until they are released
characteristics of peptide hormones - ANS hydrophilic (water soluble)
usually circulate freely in blood
short half-life (rapid metabolism and excretion)
bind to membrane receptors at target cell
4
Page
what triggers exocytosis of peptide hormones from cell - ANS Calcium
@COPYRIGHT @THEBRIGHT 2025/2026
