PORTAGE LEARNING MICROBIOLOGY
EXAM #1 2025 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
Microorganism - ANS Single cell (bacteria, archaeons, fungi, protozoa, algae)
Virus - ANS Not living, not considered microorganisms, considered microbes
Microbes - ANS Include microorganisms and viruses, can be advantageous or harmful
Cell - ANS Smallest, most basic biological unit of life
All cells are compromised of - ANS Macromolecules (building bloacks)
Four main types of macromolecules found ing cells - ANS Proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and
polysaccharides
Proteins - ANS Comprised of amino acids, facilitate movement of materials, act as enzymes
to speed up biochemical processes, structural role
Amino Acid - ANS Way proteins are formed by varying combinations, 20 different kinds
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Page
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, Each protein - ANS has its own unique sequence of amino acids
Essential Amino Acids - ANS human body cannot produce them, they must be taken in from
the environment through other sources (food you eat)
Nucleic Acid - ANS chemical molecules that carry genetic information within the cell
Two types of nucleic acids - ANS DNA and RNA
DNA - ANS deoxyribonucleic acid, contains vast amount of hereditary info and is responsible
for the inheritable characteristics of living organisms, made from nucleotides
RNA - ANS ribonucleic acid, responsible for deciphering the hereditary information in DNA
and using it to synthesize proteins
Can DNA and RNA be found in the nucleus? - ANS Yes
Can DNA and RNA leave the nucleus? - ANS Only RNA. DNA is highly compact in the nucleus
Three parts of a nucleotide - ANS Nitrogenous base, sugar called deoxyribose, and a
phosphate group
Four kinds of nitrogenous bases - ANS Adenine or guanine (purine bases) and cytosine or
thymine (pyrimidine bases)
What forms the backbone of a DNA strand? - ANS Sugar and phosphate
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What base protrudes outward from the deoxyribose sugar? - ANS Nitrogenous base
@COPYRIGHT @THEBRIGHT 2025/2026
EXAM #1 2025 QUESTIONS AND
ANSWERS
Microorganism - ANS Single cell (bacteria, archaeons, fungi, protozoa, algae)
Virus - ANS Not living, not considered microorganisms, considered microbes
Microbes - ANS Include microorganisms and viruses, can be advantageous or harmful
Cell - ANS Smallest, most basic biological unit of life
All cells are compromised of - ANS Macromolecules (building bloacks)
Four main types of macromolecules found ing cells - ANS Proteins, nucleic acids, lipids, and
polysaccharides
Proteins - ANS Comprised of amino acids, facilitate movement of materials, act as enzymes
to speed up biochemical processes, structural role
Amino Acid - ANS Way proteins are formed by varying combinations, 20 different kinds
1
Page
@COPYRIGHT @THEBRIGHT 2025/2026
, Each protein - ANS has its own unique sequence of amino acids
Essential Amino Acids - ANS human body cannot produce them, they must be taken in from
the environment through other sources (food you eat)
Nucleic Acid - ANS chemical molecules that carry genetic information within the cell
Two types of nucleic acids - ANS DNA and RNA
DNA - ANS deoxyribonucleic acid, contains vast amount of hereditary info and is responsible
for the inheritable characteristics of living organisms, made from nucleotides
RNA - ANS ribonucleic acid, responsible for deciphering the hereditary information in DNA
and using it to synthesize proteins
Can DNA and RNA be found in the nucleus? - ANS Yes
Can DNA and RNA leave the nucleus? - ANS Only RNA. DNA is highly compact in the nucleus
Three parts of a nucleotide - ANS Nitrogenous base, sugar called deoxyribose, and a
phosphate group
Four kinds of nitrogenous bases - ANS Adenine or guanine (purine bases) and cytosine or
thymine (pyrimidine bases)
What forms the backbone of a DNA strand? - ANS Sugar and phosphate
2
Page
What base protrudes outward from the deoxyribose sugar? - ANS Nitrogenous base
@COPYRIGHT @THEBRIGHT 2025/2026
