, TESTBANK FOR Transforming the School
Counseling Profession, 6th edition Erford
Notes
1- The file is chapter after chapter.
2- We have shown you few pages sample.
3- The file contains all Appendix and Excel sheet
if it exists.
4- We have all what you need, we make update
at every time. There are many new editions
waiting you.
5- If you think you purchased the wrong file You
can contact us at every time, we can replace it
with true one.
Our email:
, Chapter 1
Test Item File
Transforming the School Counseling
Profession
6th Edition
Bradley T. Erford, Ph.D.
Peabody College at Vanderbilt University
,This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for
the use of instructors in teaching their courses and assessing student learning.
Dissemination or sale of any part of this work (including on the World Wide Web)
will destroy the integrity of the work and is not permitted. The work and materials
from it should never be made available to students except by instructors using
the accompanying text in their classes. All recipients of this work are expected to
abide by these restrictions and to honor the intended pedagogical purposes and
the needs of other instructors who rely on these materials.
Product Manager: Drew Bennett
Content Analyst: Rebecca Fox-Gieg
Content Producer: Neha Sharma
Copyright © 2026 by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright,
and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited
reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise. For information regarding
permissions, request forms, and the appropriate contacts within the Pearson Education
Global Rights and Permissions department, please visit
www.pearsoned.com/permissions/.
Unless otherwise indicated herein, any third-party trademarks, logos, or icons that may
appear in this work are the property of their respective owners, and any references to
third-party trademarks, logos, icons, or other trade dress are for demonstrative or
descriptive purposes only. Such references are not intended to imply any sponsorship,
endorsement, authorization, or promotion of Pearson’s products by the owners of such
marks, or any relationship between the owner and Pearson Education, Inc., or its
affiliates, authors, licensees, or distributors.
ii
Copyright © 2026 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
, Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Becoming a Professional School Counselor: Current Perspectives,
Historical Roots, and Persistent Challenges 1
Review Quiz 1
Application Exercise 7
Test Items 11
Test Answer Key 19
iii
Copyright © 2026 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
, Chapter 1: Becoming a Professional School Counselor:
Current Perspectives, Historical Roots, and Persistent
Challenges
Chapter 1 Review Quiz
[Q1]
Today’s comprehensive school counseling programs involve many components and
require school counselors to serve multiple roles and functions. In contrast, prior to the
1900s most guidance took the form of:
1. vocational assessment.
2. the client’s self-directed search.
3. giving advice. [correct]
4. career counseling.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 1]
Vocational assessment developed later with key figures such as Frank Parsons.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 2]
Self-directed search developed later with key figures such as Frank Parsons.
[Feedback for Correct Answer 3]
Prior to the advances in the field in the early 1900s, guidance was primarily advice
giving.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 4]
Career counseling developed later with key figures such as Frank Parsons.
[Q2]
Several conditions gave rise to guidance and counseling in U.S. schools during the
early 20th century. One of those conditions, noted by historical authors, included:
1. a lack of technology.
2. increased emphasis on higher education for all.
3. the downsizing of vocational education.
4. the spread of modern forms of democracy. [correct]
[Feedback for Answer Choice 1]
A lack of technology was not a contributing factor. Rather, advances in technology and
education supported its rise.
1
Copyright © 2026 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
,[Feedback for Answer Choice 2]
An increased emphasis on higher education for all is a trend that arose later in the 20th
century.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 3]
The extension—rather than the downsizing—of vocational education contributed to the
rise of guidance and counseling.
[Feedback for Correct Answer 4]
The spread of modern forms of democracy contributed to the rise of guidance and
counseling.
[Q3]
Throughout the 20th century, many counseling organizations formed and evolved as the
profession expanded. Which of the following was founded in 1913 as the first career
guidance organization?
1. National Employment Counseling Association (NECA)
2. American Personnel and Guidance Association (APGA)
3. National Vocational Guidance Association (NVGA) [correct]
4. National Career Development Association (NCDA)
[Feedback for Answer Choice 1]
The NECA was founded in 1966.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 2]
The APGA was founded in 1952.
[Feedback for Correct Answer 3]
The NVGA was founded in 1913 as the first career guidance organization.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 4]
The NVGA was renamed the NCDA in 1985.
[Q4]
As the field of school counseling grew, training and certification for professionals
became increasingly important. The first state to require certification for school
counselors was:
1. New York. [correct]
2. New Jersey.
3. Maryland.
2
Copyright © 2026 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
,4. Pennsylvania.
[Feedback for Correct Answer 1]
New York became the first state to require certification for guidance workers in 1926.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 2]
New Jersey required certification later in the 1900s.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 3]
Maryland required certification later in the 1900s.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 4]
Pennsylvania required certification later in the 1900s.
[Q5]
In the early 1900s, several key figures published important books and articles
surrounding vocational guidance and counseling. These publications helped to further
develop and expand the field. Which of the following historical figures in vocational
guidance wrote Choosing a Career in 1908?
1. George Merrill
2. Jesse B. Davis
3. Frank Parsons
4. Eli Weaver [correct]
[Feedback for Answer Choice 1]
George Merrill developed the first systemic guidance program in San Francisco in 1895.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 2]
Jesse Davis organized a vocational guidance program in the schools in Grand Rapids,
Michigan in 1908.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 3]
Frank Parsons founded the Vocational Bureau of the Civic Services in 1908.
[Feedback for Correct Answer 4]
Eli Weaver, a high school principal in Brooklyn NY, authored Choosing a Career in
1908.
[Q6]
was a pioneer of guidance and counseling who proposed that ideal
choices of vocation result from an understanding of one’s capabilities and interests,
matched with facts about different vocational options to find a good fit between the two.
3
Copyright © 2026 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
,1. Carl Rogers
2. Frank Parsons [correct]
3. Alfred Adler
4. E.G. Williamson
[Feedback for Answer Choice 1]
Carl Rogers contributed to the humanistic approach to counseling with his person-
centered theory.
[Feedback for Correct Answer 2]
Frank Parsons proposed that individuals choose a vocation based on knowledge of
one’s abilities and interests matched with knowledge of vocational options. This concept
is known as the trait and factor approach.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 3]
Alfred Adler introduced the Adlerian theory of counseling.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 4]
In the 1930s, E. G. Williamson created the Minnesota Point of View, which is an early
trait and factor counseling theory.
[Q7]
Early vocational guidance and counseling programs began primarily in the high school
setting. Who became a pioneering advocate for elementary school counseling by
publishing Great Teachers and Mental Health in 1926?
1. William Henry Burnham [correct]
2. Clifford Beers
3. George Merrill
4. Arthur Jones
[Feedback for Correct Answer 1]
William Henry Burnham was one of the first to advocate for elementary school
counseling. He published Great Teachers and Mental Health in 1926.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 2]
Clifford Beers was a leader of the mental health movement and founded the first mental
health outpatient clinic in 1913.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 3]
George Merrill developed the first systemic guidance program in San Francisco in 1895.
4
Copyright © 2026 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
, [Feedback for Answer Choice 4]
Arthur Jones wrote Principles of Guidance in 1934, in which he advocated for the need
for guidance in schools.
[Q8]
The reached consensus on principles that promote professional unity,
a definition of counseling, model licensure title, and scope of practice for the counseling
profession.
1. No Child Left Behind Act
2. Committee [correct]
3. Common Core Standards
4. ASCA National Model
[Feedback for Answer Choice 1]
The No Child Left Behind Act was signed in law in 2002, which required states to test
students in reading and math.
[Feedback for Correct Answer 2]
The Committee convened for the first time in 2006, and ended its work in 2013
after reaching consensus on the definition of counseling, professional unity, licensure
title (Licensed Professional Counselor), and scope of practice.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 3]
The Common Core State Standards were introduced in 2010, and they define what
skills and knowledge every student should have at the end of each grade.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 4]
The ASCA National Model describes a comprehensive school counseling program for
school counselors to model.
[Q9]
Less than of eligible counselors belong to either the American
Counseling Association or the American School Counseling Association.
1. 10%
2. 20% [correct]
3. 70%
4. 90%
5
Copyright © 2026 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
Counseling Profession, 6th edition Erford
Notes
1- The file is chapter after chapter.
2- We have shown you few pages sample.
3- The file contains all Appendix and Excel sheet
if it exists.
4- We have all what you need, we make update
at every time. There are many new editions
waiting you.
5- If you think you purchased the wrong file You
can contact us at every time, we can replace it
with true one.
Our email:
, Chapter 1
Test Item File
Transforming the School Counseling
Profession
6th Edition
Bradley T. Erford, Ph.D.
Peabody College at Vanderbilt University
,This work is protected by United States copyright laws and is provided solely for
the use of instructors in teaching their courses and assessing student learning.
Dissemination or sale of any part of this work (including on the World Wide Web)
will destroy the integrity of the work and is not permitted. The work and materials
from it should never be made available to students except by instructors using
the accompanying text in their classes. All recipients of this work are expected to
abide by these restrictions and to honor the intended pedagogical purposes and
the needs of other instructors who rely on these materials.
Product Manager: Drew Bennett
Content Analyst: Rebecca Fox-Gieg
Content Producer: Neha Sharma
Copyright © 2026 by Pearson Education, Inc. or its affiliates. All Rights Reserved.
Manufactured in the United States of America. This publication is protected by copyright,
and permission should be obtained from the publisher prior to any prohibited
reproduction, storage in a retrieval system, or transmission in any form or by any means,
electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise. For information regarding
permissions, request forms, and the appropriate contacts within the Pearson Education
Global Rights and Permissions department, please visit
www.pearsoned.com/permissions/.
Unless otherwise indicated herein, any third-party trademarks, logos, or icons that may
appear in this work are the property of their respective owners, and any references to
third-party trademarks, logos, icons, or other trade dress are for demonstrative or
descriptive purposes only. Such references are not intended to imply any sponsorship,
endorsement, authorization, or promotion of Pearson’s products by the owners of such
marks, or any relationship between the owner and Pearson Education, Inc., or its
affiliates, authors, licensees, or distributors.
ii
Copyright © 2026 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
, Table of Contents
Chapter 1: Becoming a Professional School Counselor: Current Perspectives,
Historical Roots, and Persistent Challenges 1
Review Quiz 1
Application Exercise 7
Test Items 11
Test Answer Key 19
iii
Copyright © 2026 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
, Chapter 1: Becoming a Professional School Counselor:
Current Perspectives, Historical Roots, and Persistent
Challenges
Chapter 1 Review Quiz
[Q1]
Today’s comprehensive school counseling programs involve many components and
require school counselors to serve multiple roles and functions. In contrast, prior to the
1900s most guidance took the form of:
1. vocational assessment.
2. the client’s self-directed search.
3. giving advice. [correct]
4. career counseling.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 1]
Vocational assessment developed later with key figures such as Frank Parsons.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 2]
Self-directed search developed later with key figures such as Frank Parsons.
[Feedback for Correct Answer 3]
Prior to the advances in the field in the early 1900s, guidance was primarily advice
giving.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 4]
Career counseling developed later with key figures such as Frank Parsons.
[Q2]
Several conditions gave rise to guidance and counseling in U.S. schools during the
early 20th century. One of those conditions, noted by historical authors, included:
1. a lack of technology.
2. increased emphasis on higher education for all.
3. the downsizing of vocational education.
4. the spread of modern forms of democracy. [correct]
[Feedback for Answer Choice 1]
A lack of technology was not a contributing factor. Rather, advances in technology and
education supported its rise.
1
Copyright © 2026 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
,[Feedback for Answer Choice 2]
An increased emphasis on higher education for all is a trend that arose later in the 20th
century.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 3]
The extension—rather than the downsizing—of vocational education contributed to the
rise of guidance and counseling.
[Feedback for Correct Answer 4]
The spread of modern forms of democracy contributed to the rise of guidance and
counseling.
[Q3]
Throughout the 20th century, many counseling organizations formed and evolved as the
profession expanded. Which of the following was founded in 1913 as the first career
guidance organization?
1. National Employment Counseling Association (NECA)
2. American Personnel and Guidance Association (APGA)
3. National Vocational Guidance Association (NVGA) [correct]
4. National Career Development Association (NCDA)
[Feedback for Answer Choice 1]
The NECA was founded in 1966.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 2]
The APGA was founded in 1952.
[Feedback for Correct Answer 3]
The NVGA was founded in 1913 as the first career guidance organization.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 4]
The NVGA was renamed the NCDA in 1985.
[Q4]
As the field of school counseling grew, training and certification for professionals
became increasingly important. The first state to require certification for school
counselors was:
1. New York. [correct]
2. New Jersey.
3. Maryland.
2
Copyright © 2026 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
,4. Pennsylvania.
[Feedback for Correct Answer 1]
New York became the first state to require certification for guidance workers in 1926.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 2]
New Jersey required certification later in the 1900s.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 3]
Maryland required certification later in the 1900s.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 4]
Pennsylvania required certification later in the 1900s.
[Q5]
In the early 1900s, several key figures published important books and articles
surrounding vocational guidance and counseling. These publications helped to further
develop and expand the field. Which of the following historical figures in vocational
guidance wrote Choosing a Career in 1908?
1. George Merrill
2. Jesse B. Davis
3. Frank Parsons
4. Eli Weaver [correct]
[Feedback for Answer Choice 1]
George Merrill developed the first systemic guidance program in San Francisco in 1895.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 2]
Jesse Davis organized a vocational guidance program in the schools in Grand Rapids,
Michigan in 1908.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 3]
Frank Parsons founded the Vocational Bureau of the Civic Services in 1908.
[Feedback for Correct Answer 4]
Eli Weaver, a high school principal in Brooklyn NY, authored Choosing a Career in
1908.
[Q6]
was a pioneer of guidance and counseling who proposed that ideal
choices of vocation result from an understanding of one’s capabilities and interests,
matched with facts about different vocational options to find a good fit between the two.
3
Copyright © 2026 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
,1. Carl Rogers
2. Frank Parsons [correct]
3. Alfred Adler
4. E.G. Williamson
[Feedback for Answer Choice 1]
Carl Rogers contributed to the humanistic approach to counseling with his person-
centered theory.
[Feedback for Correct Answer 2]
Frank Parsons proposed that individuals choose a vocation based on knowledge of
one’s abilities and interests matched with knowledge of vocational options. This concept
is known as the trait and factor approach.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 3]
Alfred Adler introduced the Adlerian theory of counseling.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 4]
In the 1930s, E. G. Williamson created the Minnesota Point of View, which is an early
trait and factor counseling theory.
[Q7]
Early vocational guidance and counseling programs began primarily in the high school
setting. Who became a pioneering advocate for elementary school counseling by
publishing Great Teachers and Mental Health in 1926?
1. William Henry Burnham [correct]
2. Clifford Beers
3. George Merrill
4. Arthur Jones
[Feedback for Correct Answer 1]
William Henry Burnham was one of the first to advocate for elementary school
counseling. He published Great Teachers and Mental Health in 1926.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 2]
Clifford Beers was a leader of the mental health movement and founded the first mental
health outpatient clinic in 1913.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 3]
George Merrill developed the first systemic guidance program in San Francisco in 1895.
4
Copyright © 2026 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
, [Feedback for Answer Choice 4]
Arthur Jones wrote Principles of Guidance in 1934, in which he advocated for the need
for guidance in schools.
[Q8]
The reached consensus on principles that promote professional unity,
a definition of counseling, model licensure title, and scope of practice for the counseling
profession.
1. No Child Left Behind Act
2. Committee [correct]
3. Common Core Standards
4. ASCA National Model
[Feedback for Answer Choice 1]
The No Child Left Behind Act was signed in law in 2002, which required states to test
students in reading and math.
[Feedback for Correct Answer 2]
The Committee convened for the first time in 2006, and ended its work in 2013
after reaching consensus on the definition of counseling, professional unity, licensure
title (Licensed Professional Counselor), and scope of practice.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 3]
The Common Core State Standards were introduced in 2010, and they define what
skills and knowledge every student should have at the end of each grade.
[Feedback for Answer Choice 4]
The ASCA National Model describes a comprehensive school counseling program for
school counselors to model.
[Q9]
Less than of eligible counselors belong to either the American
Counseling Association or the American School Counseling Association.
1. 10%
2. 20% [correct]
3. 70%
4. 90%
5
Copyright © 2026 Pearson Education, Inc. All Rights Reserved.
