1
ADVANCE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 NEWEST VERSION -
2025/2026- 100+ Q AND ANS MOST POPULAR EXAMS
GUARANTEED SUCCESS
What are the properties of a eukaryotic cell
• Well define nucleus.
• cells are larger and have more extensive intracellular anatomy and organization
than do prokaryotes.
• cells bind with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and are involved in the super coiling
of DNA.
• cells have several chromosomes, protein production or synthesis
. it consists of three components: outer membrane called plasma membrane, a
fluid filling called cytoplasm, and the intra cellular organs or organelles
How do cells communicate with each other and the environment outside the cell
Cells communicate by using hundreds of signal molecules.
-they display plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules (receptor) that affect
the cell itself and other cells in direct physical contact
-they affect receptor proteins inside the target cell and the signal molecule has to
enter the cell to bind to them
-they form protein channels (gap juctions) that directly coordinate the activities of
adjacent cells.
responsable for cellular respiration and energy production
mitocondria
they provide sites for cellular protein synthesis
, 2
ribosome
is the largest membrane bound organelle and is usually found in the cell center,
main function is cell division and control of genetic information
nucleus
is a small dense structure composed largely of RNA and combine it with proteins
nucleolus
are saclike structures that originate from the golgi complex and contain digestive
enzymes
lysosomes
specializes in the synthesis and transport of the protein and lipid components of
most of the cells organelles
endoplasmic reticulum
proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum are processed and packaged into small
membrane
Golgi apparatus or complex
membrane organelles that contain several oxidative enzymes such as catalase and
urate oxidase. those enzymes use oxygen to remove hydrogen in an oxidative
reaction that produces hydrogen peroxide.
peroxisomes
it is the gelatinous, semiliquid portion of the cytoplasm. functions include:
intermediary metabolism involving enzymatic biochemical reactions; ribosomal
protein synthesis and storage of carbohydrates, fat and secretory vesicles
cytosol
maintains the cell's shape and internal organization
cytoskeleton
, 3
cells secrete local chemical mediators that are quickly absorbed, destroyed and
immobilized.
paracrine
cancer cells use this form of signaling to stimulate their survival and proliferation.
it function as a component of normal growth regulatory mechanism.
autocrine
diffuses across the synaptic cleft and acts on the postsypnaptic target cells
neurotransmitter
are released by one set of cells and travel through the tissue and through the
bloodstream to produce a response in other set of cells
hormone
proteins float in the fluid lipid bilayer. is a membrane structure that consists of a
variety of individual protein molecules moving and shifting within a fluid bilayer of
phospholipids.
fluid mosaic model
second messenger
are molecules that relay signals received at receptors on the cell surface
are generated in large numbers when the membrane bound enzyme is activated,
and they then rapidly diffuse away from their source, broadcasting the signal
throughout the cell. The two major pathways are cyclic adenosine
monophosphate (AMP, CAMP) and Ca.
• a signal molecule such as epinephrine binds to a cell surface receptor, it activate
a G protein inside the cell
• The G protein stimulates adenylyl cyclase to produce large amounts of cyclic
AMP from ATP
ADVANCE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY EXAM 1 NEWEST VERSION -
2025/2026- 100+ Q AND ANS MOST POPULAR EXAMS
GUARANTEED SUCCESS
What are the properties of a eukaryotic cell
• Well define nucleus.
• cells are larger and have more extensive intracellular anatomy and organization
than do prokaryotes.
• cells bind with deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) and are involved in the super coiling
of DNA.
• cells have several chromosomes, protein production or synthesis
. it consists of three components: outer membrane called plasma membrane, a
fluid filling called cytoplasm, and the intra cellular organs or organelles
How do cells communicate with each other and the environment outside the cell
Cells communicate by using hundreds of signal molecules.
-they display plasma membrane-bound signaling molecules (receptor) that affect
the cell itself and other cells in direct physical contact
-they affect receptor proteins inside the target cell and the signal molecule has to
enter the cell to bind to them
-they form protein channels (gap juctions) that directly coordinate the activities of
adjacent cells.
responsable for cellular respiration and energy production
mitocondria
they provide sites for cellular protein synthesis
, 2
ribosome
is the largest membrane bound organelle and is usually found in the cell center,
main function is cell division and control of genetic information
nucleus
is a small dense structure composed largely of RNA and combine it with proteins
nucleolus
are saclike structures that originate from the golgi complex and contain digestive
enzymes
lysosomes
specializes in the synthesis and transport of the protein and lipid components of
most of the cells organelles
endoplasmic reticulum
proteins from the endoplasmic reticulum are processed and packaged into small
membrane
Golgi apparatus or complex
membrane organelles that contain several oxidative enzymes such as catalase and
urate oxidase. those enzymes use oxygen to remove hydrogen in an oxidative
reaction that produces hydrogen peroxide.
peroxisomes
it is the gelatinous, semiliquid portion of the cytoplasm. functions include:
intermediary metabolism involving enzymatic biochemical reactions; ribosomal
protein synthesis and storage of carbohydrates, fat and secretory vesicles
cytosol
maintains the cell's shape and internal organization
cytoskeleton
, 3
cells secrete local chemical mediators that are quickly absorbed, destroyed and
immobilized.
paracrine
cancer cells use this form of signaling to stimulate their survival and proliferation.
it function as a component of normal growth regulatory mechanism.
autocrine
diffuses across the synaptic cleft and acts on the postsypnaptic target cells
neurotransmitter
are released by one set of cells and travel through the tissue and through the
bloodstream to produce a response in other set of cells
hormone
proteins float in the fluid lipid bilayer. is a membrane structure that consists of a
variety of individual protein molecules moving and shifting within a fluid bilayer of
phospholipids.
fluid mosaic model
second messenger
are molecules that relay signals received at receptors on the cell surface
are generated in large numbers when the membrane bound enzyme is activated,
and they then rapidly diffuse away from their source, broadcasting the signal
throughout the cell. The two major pathways are cyclic adenosine
monophosphate (AMP, CAMP) and Ca.
• a signal molecule such as epinephrine binds to a cell surface receptor, it activate
a G protein inside the cell
• The G protein stimulates adenylyl cyclase to produce large amounts of cyclic
AMP from ATP
