chemistry is basic for our life
+2 - CHEMISTRY
NAME :
CLASS :
SCHOOL :
P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110
, UNIT TOPIC PAGE
1 METALLURGY 1
2 p -BLOCK ELEMENTS - I 9
3 p -BLOCK ELEMENTS - II 18
TRANSITION AND INNER TRANSITION
4 ELEMENTS
27
5 COORDINATION CHEMISTRY 35
6 SOLID STATE 47
7 CHEMICAL KINETICS 56
8 IONIC EQUILIBRIUM 63
9 ELECTROCHEMISTRY 70
10 SURFACE CHEMISTRY 77
11 HYDROXY COMPOUNDS AND ETHERS 85
12 CARBONYL COMPOUNDS AND
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
95
13 ORGANIC NITROGEN COMPOUNDS 103
14 BIOMOLECULES 109
15 CHEMISTRY IN EVERDAY LIFE 117
P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110
, 1
* cah;thf epidj;jhy; cah;e;jpl KbAk; *
12-STD CHEMISTRY
1. METALLURGY
1. What is the difference between minerals and ores?
Minerals Ores
Naturally occuring substances obtained
Minerals that contain high percentage of
1. by mining which contain the metals in
metal
free state or in the form of compounds
Metal can not be extracted easily from
2. Metal can be extracted easily from ores
minerals
3. All the minerals are not ores All the ores are minerals
4. Mineral of Al is Bauxite and Clay Ore of Al is Bauxite
2. What are the various steps involved in extraction of pure metals from their ores?
Concentration of the ore
Extraction of crude metal
Refining of crude metal
3. What is Flux? What is the role of quick lime in the extraction of Iron from Fe2O3?
A chemical substance that forms an easily fusible slag with gangue
Quick lime is used as a basic flux
Quick lime combines with silica to form calcium silicate (slag).
CaO + SiO2 CaSiO3
4. Which type of ores can be concentrated by Gravity separation and froth flotation
methods ? Give two examples for such ores.
Gravity separation - Oxide ores - Haematite (Fe2O3), Tin stone (SnO2)
Froth flotation - Sulphide ores - Galena [PbS], Zinc blende [ZnS]
5. Describe a method for refining nickel.
Mond process
Impure nickel + Carbon monoxide 350K Nickel tetra carbonyl
Ni + 4CO 350K [Ni(CO)4](g)
Nickel tetra carbonyl 460K Pure nickel + Carbon monoxide
[Ni(CO)4](g) 460K Ni + 4CO
“KbahJ> ,ayhJ vd; w thh; j ; i jfs;
khzth; f spd; mfuhjpapy; ,Uf; f f; $lhJ ”
P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110
, 2
6. Explain zone refining process with an example
Prninciple - Fractional crystallisation
The impure metal is taken in the form of a rod
When the metal rod is heated with mobile induction heater, the metal melts.
The heater is slowly moved from one end to the other end, the pure metal crystallises.
The impurity dissolves in the molten zone.
When the heater moves the molten zone also moves.
This process is repeated again and again to get the pure metal.
This process is carried out in an inert gas atmosphere to prevent the oxidation of metals.
Eg. Silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge) and Gallium (Ga)
7. Give the limitations of ellingham diagram.
It does not explain rate of reaction.
It does not give any idea about the possibility of other reactions taking place.
ΔG is assume at equilibrium condition, but it is not always true.
8. Give the uses of zinc.
Galvanizing iron to protect from rusting
It produce die-castings in the automobile and electrical industries
Zinc sulphide - to produce luminous paints, fluorescent lights and x-ray screens
Zinc oxide - to Prepare Paints, rubber, Plastics, and Ink
9. Explain the electro metallurgy of Aluminium
Electro metallurgy of Aluminium : Hall - Herould process
Cathode - Iron tank coated with Carbon
Anode - Carbon rod
Electrolyte - 20% Alumina + Cryolite + 10% Calcium Chloride
(lower the melting point of the mixture)
Temperature - Above 1270K
Anodes are slowly consumed during the electrolysis.
Pure Aluminium is deposited at the cathode and settles at the bottom.
4Al3+(melt) + 6O2- (melt) + 3C 4Al (l) + 3CO2
10.Explain the following terms with suitable examples. (i) Gangue (ii) slag
(i) Gangue : The nonmetallic impurities and rocky materials associated with ore - SiO2
(ii) Slag : The flux combines with gangue to form calcium slag - CaSiO3
11.Give the basic requirements for vapour phase refining. Give examples.
The metal should form a volatile compound with the reagent.
The volatile compound decomposes to give the pure metal
Mond process - Nickel
Van-Arkel process - zirconium / titanium
P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110
+2 - CHEMISTRY
NAME :
CLASS :
SCHOOL :
P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110
, UNIT TOPIC PAGE
1 METALLURGY 1
2 p -BLOCK ELEMENTS - I 9
3 p -BLOCK ELEMENTS - II 18
TRANSITION AND INNER TRANSITION
4 ELEMENTS
27
5 COORDINATION CHEMISTRY 35
6 SOLID STATE 47
7 CHEMICAL KINETICS 56
8 IONIC EQUILIBRIUM 63
9 ELECTROCHEMISTRY 70
10 SURFACE CHEMISTRY 77
11 HYDROXY COMPOUNDS AND ETHERS 85
12 CARBONYL COMPOUNDS AND
CARBOXYLIC ACIDS
95
13 ORGANIC NITROGEN COMPOUNDS 103
14 BIOMOLECULES 109
15 CHEMISTRY IN EVERDAY LIFE 117
P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110
, 1
* cah;thf epidj;jhy; cah;e;jpl KbAk; *
12-STD CHEMISTRY
1. METALLURGY
1. What is the difference between minerals and ores?
Minerals Ores
Naturally occuring substances obtained
Minerals that contain high percentage of
1. by mining which contain the metals in
metal
free state or in the form of compounds
Metal can not be extracted easily from
2. Metal can be extracted easily from ores
minerals
3. All the minerals are not ores All the ores are minerals
4. Mineral of Al is Bauxite and Clay Ore of Al is Bauxite
2. What are the various steps involved in extraction of pure metals from their ores?
Concentration of the ore
Extraction of crude metal
Refining of crude metal
3. What is Flux? What is the role of quick lime in the extraction of Iron from Fe2O3?
A chemical substance that forms an easily fusible slag with gangue
Quick lime is used as a basic flux
Quick lime combines with silica to form calcium silicate (slag).
CaO + SiO2 CaSiO3
4. Which type of ores can be concentrated by Gravity separation and froth flotation
methods ? Give two examples for such ores.
Gravity separation - Oxide ores - Haematite (Fe2O3), Tin stone (SnO2)
Froth flotation - Sulphide ores - Galena [PbS], Zinc blende [ZnS]
5. Describe a method for refining nickel.
Mond process
Impure nickel + Carbon monoxide 350K Nickel tetra carbonyl
Ni + 4CO 350K [Ni(CO)4](g)
Nickel tetra carbonyl 460K Pure nickel + Carbon monoxide
[Ni(CO)4](g) 460K Ni + 4CO
“KbahJ> ,ayhJ vd; w thh; j ; i jfs;
khzth; f spd; mfuhjpapy; ,Uf; f f; $lhJ ”
P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110
, 2
6. Explain zone refining process with an example
Prninciple - Fractional crystallisation
The impure metal is taken in the form of a rod
When the metal rod is heated with mobile induction heater, the metal melts.
The heater is slowly moved from one end to the other end, the pure metal crystallises.
The impurity dissolves in the molten zone.
When the heater moves the molten zone also moves.
This process is repeated again and again to get the pure metal.
This process is carried out in an inert gas atmosphere to prevent the oxidation of metals.
Eg. Silicon (Si), Germanium (Ge) and Gallium (Ga)
7. Give the limitations of ellingham diagram.
It does not explain rate of reaction.
It does not give any idea about the possibility of other reactions taking place.
ΔG is assume at equilibrium condition, but it is not always true.
8. Give the uses of zinc.
Galvanizing iron to protect from rusting
It produce die-castings in the automobile and electrical industries
Zinc sulphide - to produce luminous paints, fluorescent lights and x-ray screens
Zinc oxide - to Prepare Paints, rubber, Plastics, and Ink
9. Explain the electro metallurgy of Aluminium
Electro metallurgy of Aluminium : Hall - Herould process
Cathode - Iron tank coated with Carbon
Anode - Carbon rod
Electrolyte - 20% Alumina + Cryolite + 10% Calcium Chloride
(lower the melting point of the mixture)
Temperature - Above 1270K
Anodes are slowly consumed during the electrolysis.
Pure Aluminium is deposited at the cathode and settles at the bottom.
4Al3+(melt) + 6O2- (melt) + 3C 4Al (l) + 3CO2
10.Explain the following terms with suitable examples. (i) Gangue (ii) slag
(i) Gangue : The nonmetallic impurities and rocky materials associated with ore - SiO2
(ii) Slag : The flux combines with gangue to form calcium slag - CaSiO3
11.Give the basic requirements for vapour phase refining. Give examples.
The metal should form a volatile compound with the reagent.
The volatile compound decomposes to give the pure metal
Mond process - Nickel
Van-Arkel process - zirconium / titanium
P KATHIRVEL, M.Sc.,B.Ed., PG TEACHER IN CHEMISTRY, GBHSS - ANTHIYUR - ERODE. Cell 9150550110
