NURS 611 EXAM 1 PATHO ACTUAL EXAM AND TEST BANK
2025/2026 COMPLETE 400 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES|ALREADY
GRADED A
Nucleus - contains the nucleolus, a small dense structure composed
largely of RNA, most of the cellular DNA, and the DNA-binding
proteins, the histones, that regulate its activity
What 4 elements is DNA composed of?
- 1) deoxyribose
phosphate molecule
2) pyrimidine bases
3) purine bases
4) hydrogen bonds (stabilize the helix through large numbers)
what are Ribosomes? - RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that
are synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm
through pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear pore complexes
(NPCs)
What is the chief function of Ribosomes - Chief function of ribosomes
is to provide sites for cellular protein synthesis
Golgi Complex - -network of flattened, smooth membranes and
vesicles frequently located near the nucleus of the cell.
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,-Proteins from the ER are processed and packaged into small
membrane-bound sacs or vesicles called secretory vesicles.
- refining plant and directs traffic into the cell.
Lysosomes - maintain cellular health
- efficient removal of toxic cellular components
-if damaged, will release and cause AUTODIGESTION
-removal of useless organelles
- signals cellular adaptation
what do Peroxisomes contain? - hydrogen peroxide and other oxygen
reactive species
Mitochondria - - responsible for cellular respiration and energy
production.
-THINK ATP (energy) - ATP functions as the energy-transferring
molecule.
- urea and heme synthesis
How does a virus get into a cell? - -through trickery!
-attaches to the cell and release and enzyme to facilitate entrance to
the cell
-also by bacteria and parasites
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, Diffusion – passive process by which molecules move from an area of
high concentration to an area of low concentration
facilitated diffusion - -needs help to enter the cell
- ex: insulin attaches to a receptor to let glucose in
Active transport - -movement of a solute molecule from an area of low
concentration to an area of high concentration
- going against the gradient needs energy
What cells in our body cannot reproduce? - neurons, heart cells,
skeletal muscle cells, red blood cells
-they do not reproduce or transform, but some can be created by the
body
Main types of cell death? - apoptosis and necrosis
apoptosis - a cell death that is regulated or programmed. Cellular self-
destruction for elimination of unwanted cell populations
Necrosis - characterized by rapid loss of the plasma membrane
structure, organelle swelling, mitochondrial dysfunction
#1 major cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis - hypoxia
atrophy - cell shrinks - decreased size
Normal atrophy - physiologic atrophy
3|Page
2025/2026 COMPLETE 400 QUESTIONS AND CORRECT
DETAILED ANSWERS WITH RATIONALES|ALREADY
GRADED A
Nucleus - contains the nucleolus, a small dense structure composed
largely of RNA, most of the cellular DNA, and the DNA-binding
proteins, the histones, that regulate its activity
What 4 elements is DNA composed of?
- 1) deoxyribose
phosphate molecule
2) pyrimidine bases
3) purine bases
4) hydrogen bonds (stabilize the helix through large numbers)
what are Ribosomes? - RNA-protein complexes (nucleoproteins) that
are synthesized in the nucleolus and secreted into the cytoplasm
through pores in the nuclear envelope called nuclear pore complexes
(NPCs)
What is the chief function of Ribosomes - Chief function of ribosomes
is to provide sites for cellular protein synthesis
Golgi Complex - -network of flattened, smooth membranes and
vesicles frequently located near the nucleus of the cell.
1|Page
,-Proteins from the ER are processed and packaged into small
membrane-bound sacs or vesicles called secretory vesicles.
- refining plant and directs traffic into the cell.
Lysosomes - maintain cellular health
- efficient removal of toxic cellular components
-if damaged, will release and cause AUTODIGESTION
-removal of useless organelles
- signals cellular adaptation
what do Peroxisomes contain? - hydrogen peroxide and other oxygen
reactive species
Mitochondria - - responsible for cellular respiration and energy
production.
-THINK ATP (energy) - ATP functions as the energy-transferring
molecule.
- urea and heme synthesis
How does a virus get into a cell? - -through trickery!
-attaches to the cell and release and enzyme to facilitate entrance to
the cell
-also by bacteria and parasites
2|Page
, Diffusion – passive process by which molecules move from an area of
high concentration to an area of low concentration
facilitated diffusion - -needs help to enter the cell
- ex: insulin attaches to a receptor to let glucose in
Active transport - -movement of a solute molecule from an area of low
concentration to an area of high concentration
- going against the gradient needs energy
What cells in our body cannot reproduce? - neurons, heart cells,
skeletal muscle cells, red blood cells
-they do not reproduce or transform, but some can be created by the
body
Main types of cell death? - apoptosis and necrosis
apoptosis - a cell death that is regulated or programmed. Cellular self-
destruction for elimination of unwanted cell populations
Necrosis - characterized by rapid loss of the plasma membrane
structure, organelle swelling, mitochondrial dysfunction
#1 major cause of cellular injury leading to necrosis - hypoxia
atrophy - cell shrinks - decreased size
Normal atrophy - physiologic atrophy
3|Page
