NR565 ADVANCED PHARMACOLOGY
FUNDAMENTALS NEWEST UPDATE
2025/2026 WITH COMPLETE QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS FROM A
VERIFIED SOURCE|BRAND NEW VERSION!!!
Pharmacokinetics - CORRECT ANSWER-The process by which drugs are
absorbed, distributed within the body, metabolized, and excreted.
Pharmacodynamics - CORRECT ANSWER-The study of what the drug does to
the body
Factors Affecting Drug Absorption - CORRECT ANSWER-Rate of dissolution
Surface area
Blood flow
Lipid solubility
pH partitioning
Factors Affecting Drug Distribution - CORRECT ANSWER-Blood flow to
tissues
,Ability to exit the vascular system
Blood-brain barrier
Protein-binding capacity
Xenobiotics - CORRECT ANSWER-substances that are foreign to the body,
usually synthetic chemical compounds; medications are a common example
Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) - CORRECT ANSWER-xenobiotic-metabolizing
enzymes necessary for the production of cholesterol and steroids and the
detoxification of chemicals and drug metabolism.
Function of Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) - CORRECT ANSWER-responsible for
phase 1 metabolism in which drugs are oxidized, reduced, or hydrolyzed
Phase 1 Metabolism of Drugs via P450 - CORRECT ANSWER-Oxidation;
Reduction; Hydrolysis
Three possible outcomes of phase 1 drug metabolism. - CORRECT ANSWER--
Drug becomes completely inactive
-Drug becomes partially inactive but one or more metabolites remain active
-Original drug is not pharmacologically active but one metabolite remains active
,CYP450 Inducers - CORRECT ANSWER-Medications that can increase the
rate of another drug's metabolism by elevating CYP450 enzyme activity via
increasing enzyme synthesis. decreasing the concentration of the "parent drug"
CYP450 Inducer Medications - CORRECT ANSWER-CRAPGPS
Carbamazepine
Rifampin
Alcohol
Phenytoin
Griseofulvin
Phenobarbital
Sulfonylureas
CYP450 Inhibitors - CORRECT ANSWER-Medications that inhibit the
metabolic activity of one or more of the CYP450 enzymes. Higher risk for toxicity;
prolongs the pharmacological effect of the "parent drug".
CYP450 Inhibitor Medications - CORRECT ANSWER-VISACKGQ
Valproate
Isoniazid
Sulfonamides
Amiodarone
Chloramphenicol
Ketoconazole
, Grapefruit Juice
Quinidine
Beers Criteria - CORRECT ANSWER--potentially Inappropriate Medication
(PIM) use in older adults
-potentially Inappropriate Medication (PIM) use in older adults due to medication-
disease or medication-syndrome interactions that may exacerbate the disease or
syndrome
-medications to be used cautiously in older adults
-clinically significant drug interactions that should be avoided in older adults
-medications to be avoided or dosage decreased in the presence of impaired kidney
function in older adults
Pharmacokinetic Interactions - CORRECT ANSWER-when one medication
systemically alters the potency of another medication.
Absorption Interaction - CORRECT ANSWER-result of a change due to one
medication's effect on another medication's route of entry into the body.
Distribution Interaction - CORRECT ANSWER-caused by the amount of
unbound/free medications available at the various target sites.
Metabolism Interaction - CORRECT ANSWER-concentration of the
medication after biotransformation into active and inactive metabolites in higher
or lower than expected.
FUNDAMENTALS NEWEST UPDATE
2025/2026 WITH COMPLETE QUESTIONS
AND CORRECT DETAILED ANSWERS FROM A
VERIFIED SOURCE|BRAND NEW VERSION!!!
Pharmacokinetics - CORRECT ANSWER-The process by which drugs are
absorbed, distributed within the body, metabolized, and excreted.
Pharmacodynamics - CORRECT ANSWER-The study of what the drug does to
the body
Factors Affecting Drug Absorption - CORRECT ANSWER-Rate of dissolution
Surface area
Blood flow
Lipid solubility
pH partitioning
Factors Affecting Drug Distribution - CORRECT ANSWER-Blood flow to
tissues
,Ability to exit the vascular system
Blood-brain barrier
Protein-binding capacity
Xenobiotics - CORRECT ANSWER-substances that are foreign to the body,
usually synthetic chemical compounds; medications are a common example
Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) - CORRECT ANSWER-xenobiotic-metabolizing
enzymes necessary for the production of cholesterol and steroids and the
detoxification of chemicals and drug metabolism.
Function of Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) - CORRECT ANSWER-responsible for
phase 1 metabolism in which drugs are oxidized, reduced, or hydrolyzed
Phase 1 Metabolism of Drugs via P450 - CORRECT ANSWER-Oxidation;
Reduction; Hydrolysis
Three possible outcomes of phase 1 drug metabolism. - CORRECT ANSWER--
Drug becomes completely inactive
-Drug becomes partially inactive but one or more metabolites remain active
-Original drug is not pharmacologically active but one metabolite remains active
,CYP450 Inducers - CORRECT ANSWER-Medications that can increase the
rate of another drug's metabolism by elevating CYP450 enzyme activity via
increasing enzyme synthesis. decreasing the concentration of the "parent drug"
CYP450 Inducer Medications - CORRECT ANSWER-CRAPGPS
Carbamazepine
Rifampin
Alcohol
Phenytoin
Griseofulvin
Phenobarbital
Sulfonylureas
CYP450 Inhibitors - CORRECT ANSWER-Medications that inhibit the
metabolic activity of one or more of the CYP450 enzymes. Higher risk for toxicity;
prolongs the pharmacological effect of the "parent drug".
CYP450 Inhibitor Medications - CORRECT ANSWER-VISACKGQ
Valproate
Isoniazid
Sulfonamides
Amiodarone
Chloramphenicol
Ketoconazole
, Grapefruit Juice
Quinidine
Beers Criteria - CORRECT ANSWER--potentially Inappropriate Medication
(PIM) use in older adults
-potentially Inappropriate Medication (PIM) use in older adults due to medication-
disease or medication-syndrome interactions that may exacerbate the disease or
syndrome
-medications to be used cautiously in older adults
-clinically significant drug interactions that should be avoided in older adults
-medications to be avoided or dosage decreased in the presence of impaired kidney
function in older adults
Pharmacokinetic Interactions - CORRECT ANSWER-when one medication
systemically alters the potency of another medication.
Absorption Interaction - CORRECT ANSWER-result of a change due to one
medication's effect on another medication's route of entry into the body.
Distribution Interaction - CORRECT ANSWER-caused by the amount of
unbound/free medications available at the various target sites.
Metabolism Interaction - CORRECT ANSWER-concentration of the
medication after biotransformation into active and inactive metabolites in higher
or lower than expected.
