1. In Table 1, identify the level of measurement for the current therapy variable. Provide a rati
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
onale for your answer.
x x x
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug categoriesw
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
ere probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories of drugs thesubj
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
, ects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients are usually on more t
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
han one category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The current therapies are not me
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
asured at the ordinal level because they cannot be rank ordered, since no drug category can be consi
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
dered more or less beneficial than another drug category (see Figure 1-1; Grove & Gray, 2019).
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a rationale foryo
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
ur answer.
x
Answer: The mode for current therapy was β blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed drug for thissa
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
mple.
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this sample?D
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
iscuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate.
x x x x x x x x
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement resulted in
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
ratio-level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017). Ratio-
x x x x x x x x x x x x x
xlevel data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (Grove & Gray,20
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
17; Knapp, 2017).
x x
4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a study:W
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
hat category identifies your current income as an RN?
x x x x x x x x
a. Less than $50,000
x x x
b. $50,000 to 59,999
x x x
c. $60,000 to 69,999
x x x
d. $70,000 to 80,000
x x x
e. $80,000 or greater
x x x
What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follow the ru
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
les outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
x x x x x x x x x x
Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income catego-
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
xries are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000. The two open-ended
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
AG 1-1 x
,AG 1-2
x Answerx Guidelinesx forx Questionsx tox Bex Graded
categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since catego-
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
ries (d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might mark either
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
x(d) or (e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be changedto great
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
er than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories can be rank ordered from the lo
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
west salary to the highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal data (Grove & Gray, 2019; Walt
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
z et al., 2017).
x x x
5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your answer.
x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
item Likert scale developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rated the
x x x x x x x x x x x x x
ir symp-x
xtoms on a scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the depression sym
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
ptoms. The total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-
x x x x x x x x x x
item scale are considered to be at the interval level of measurement (Gray et al., 2017; Waltz et al.,
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
2017).
6. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores forth
x x x x x x x x x x x x x
e cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
x x x x x x x x x x x
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe CDS scoresfor s
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
tudy participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-
x x x x x x x x
level data as indicated in Questions 5, so parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of data (Gra
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
y et al., 2017; Kim & Mallory, 2017).
x x x x x x x
7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical importance of
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
this result.
x x
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the greate
x x x x x x x x x x x x x
r NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of thesubjects
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
were depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of sub-
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
xjects with depression increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class increases, car
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
diac patients have more severe physical symptoms, which usually result in emotional distress, such
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
as depression. Nurses need to actively assess cardiac patients for depression, especially thosein high
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
er NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and treated as needed.
x x x x x x x x x x x
8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated with an
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest whole percen x x x x x x x x x x x x
t (%).
x
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample included 15 pat
x x xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx x x
ients who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1). The number of cardiac patients not tre
x x x x x x x x x xx xx xx x x x
ated for depression was 91 (106 –
x x x x x x
x15 = 91). The group percent is calculatedby the following formula: (group frequency ÷ tota
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
l sample size) × 100%. For this study,(91 patients ÷ 106 sample size) × 100% = 0.858 × 100
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
% = 85.8% = 86%. The finalanswer is rounded to the nearest whole percent as directed in the
x x x x x xx x x x x x x x x x x x x
xquestion. You could havealso subtracted the 14% of patients treated with antidepressants from 1
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
00% and obtained the 86% who were not treated with an antidepressant.
x x x x x x x x x x x
9. What was the purpose of the 6- x x x x x x
minute walk test (6MWT)? Would the 6MWT be useful in clinical practice?
x x x x x x x x x x x
Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, ―The 6- x x x x x x x
min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the submaximal,steady-
x x x x x x x x x x
state functional capacity‖ of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick, easy way to determine a
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This functional statusscore could be use
x x x x x x xx xx xx xx x x x x
d to determine the treatment plan to promote or maintain functional statusof cardiac patients.
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
, Answerx Guidelinesx forx Questionsx tox Bex Graded AG 1-3
x
10. How was exercise confidence measured in this study? What was the level of measurementfo
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
r the exercise confidence variable in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer. Answ
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
er: Exercise confidence of the patients with heart failure (HF) in this study was measuredwith the
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Exercise Confidence Scale that included four subscales focused on walking, climbing,lifting obj
x x x x x x x x x x x x
ects of graded weight, and running (see the study narrative). This was a rating scalewith values r
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
anging from 0 to 100. The patients’ scores for the Total Exercise Confidence scaleand the subscal
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
es were considered interval-
x x x
level data and analyzed with parametric statistics,such as means and SDs (see the study narrative
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
; Waltz et al., 2017).
x x x x
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
onale for your answer.
x x x
Answer: The current therapy variable was measured at the nominal level. These drug categoriesw
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
ere probably developed to be exhaustive for this study and included the categories of drugs thesubj
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
, ects were receiving. However, the categories are not exclusive, since patients are usually on more t
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
han one category of these drugs to manage their health problems. The current therapies are not me
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
asured at the ordinal level because they cannot be rank ordered, since no drug category can be consi
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
dered more or less beneficial than another drug category (see Figure 1-1; Grove & Gray, 2019).
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
2. What is the mode for the current therapy variable in this study? Provide a rationale foryo
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
ur answer.
x
Answer: The mode for current therapy was β blocker. A total of 100 (94%) of the cardiac patients
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
were receiving this category of drug, which was the most common prescribed drug for thissa
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
mple.
3. What statistics were conducted to describe the BMI of the cardiac patients in this sample?D
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
iscuss whether these analysis techniques were appropriate or inappropriate.
x x x x x x x x
Answer: BMI was described with a mean and standard deviation (SD). BMI measurement resulted in
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
ratio-level data with continuous values and an absolute zero (Stone & Frazier, 2017). Ratio-
x x x x x x x x x x x x x
xlevel data should be analyzed with parametric statistics such as the mean and SD (Grove & Gray,20
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
17; Knapp, 2017).
x x
4. Researchers used the following item to measure registered nurses’ (RNs) income in a study:W
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
hat category identifies your current income as an RN?
x x x x x x x x
a. Less than $50,000
x x x
b. $50,000 to 59,999
x x x
c. $60,000 to 69,999
x x x
d. $70,000 to 80,000
x x x
e. $80,000 or greater
x x x
What level of measurement is this income variable? Does the income variable follow the ru
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
les outlined in Figure 1-1? Provide a rationale for your answer.
x x x x x x x x x x
Answer: In this example, the income variable is measured at the ordinal level. The income catego-
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
xries are exhaustive, ranging from less than $50,000 to greater than $80,000. The two open-ended
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
AG 1-1 x
,AG 1-2
x Answerx Guidelinesx forx Questionsx tox Bex Graded
categories ensure that all salary levels are covered. The categories are not exclusive, since catego-
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
ries (d) and (e) include an $80,000 salary, so study participants making $80,000 might mark either
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
x(d) or (e) or both categories, resulting in erroneous data. Category (e) could be changedto great
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
er than $80,000, making the categories exclusive. The categories can be rank ordered from the lo
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
west salary to the highest salary, which is consistent with ordinal data (Grove & Gray, 2019; Walt
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
z et al., 2017).
x x x
5. What level of measurement is the CDS score? Provide a rationale for your answer.
x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Answer: The CDS score is at the interval level of measurement. The CDS is a 26-
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
item Likert scale developed to measure depression in cardiac patients. Study participants rated the
x x x x x x x x x x x x x
ir symp-x
xtoms on a scale of 1 to 7, with higher numbers indicating increased severity in the depression sym
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
ptoms. The total scores for each subject obtained from this multi-
x x x x x x x x x x
item scale are considered to be at the interval level of measurement (Gray et al., 2017; Waltz et al.,
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
2017).
6. Were nonparametric or parametric analysis techniques used to analyze the CDS scores forth
x x x x x x x x x x x x x
e cardiac patients in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer.
x x x x x x x x x x x
Answer: Parametric statistics, such as mean and SD, were conducted to describe CDS scoresfor s
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
tudy participants (see Table 1). CDS scores are interval-
x x x x x x x x
level data as indicated in Questions 5, so parametric statistics are appropriate for this level of data (Gra
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
y et al., 2017; Kim & Mallory, 2017).
x x x x x x x
7. Is the prevalence of depression linked to the NYHA class? Discuss the clinical importance of
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
this result.
x x
Answer: The study narrative indicated that the prevalence of depression increased with the greate
x x x x x x x x x x x x x
r NYHA class. In NYHA class III, 64% of the subjects were depressed, whereas 11% of thesubjects
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
were depressed in NYHA class I. Thus, as the NYHA class increased, the number of sub-
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
xjects with depression increased. This is an expected finding because as the NYHA class increases, car
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
diac patients have more severe physical symptoms, which usually result in emotional distress, such
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
as depression. Nurses need to actively assess cardiac patients for depression, especially thosein high
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
er NYHA classes, so they might be diagnosed and treated as needed.
x x x x x x x x x x x
8. What frequency and percent of cardiac patients in this study were not being treated with an
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
antidepressant? Show your calculations and round your answer to the nearest whole percen x x x x x x x x x x x x
t (%).
x
Answer: A total of 106 cardiac patients participated in this study. The sample included 15 pat
x x xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx xx x x
ients who were receiving an antidepressant (see Table 1). The number of cardiac patients not tre
x x x x x x x x x xx xx xx x x x
ated for depression was 91 (106 –
x x x x x x
x15 = 91). The group percent is calculatedby the following formula: (group frequency ÷ tota
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
l sample size) × 100%. For this study,(91 patients ÷ 106 sample size) × 100% = 0.858 × 100
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
% = 85.8% = 86%. The finalanswer is rounded to the nearest whole percent as directed in the
x x x x x xx x x x x x x x x x x x x
xquestion. You could havealso subtracted the 14% of patients treated with antidepressants from 1
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
00% and obtained the 86% who were not treated with an antidepressant.
x x x x x x x x x x x
9. What was the purpose of the 6- x x x x x x
minute walk test (6MWT)? Would the 6MWT be useful in clinical practice?
x x x x x x x x x x x
Answer: Ha et al. (2018) stated, ―The 6- x x x x x x x
min walk test (6MWT) is a measure of the submaximal,steady-
x x x x x x x x x x
state functional capacity‖ of cardiac patients. This test would be a quick, easy way to determine a
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
cardiac patient’s functional status in a clinical setting. This functional statusscore could be use
x x x x x x xx xx xx xx x x x x
d to determine the treatment plan to promote or maintain functional statusof cardiac patients.
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
, Answerx Guidelinesx forx Questionsx tox Bex Graded AG 1-3
x
10. How was exercise confidence measured in this study? What was the level of measurementfo
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
r the exercise confidence variable in this study? Provide a rationale for your answer. Answ
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
er: Exercise confidence of the patients with heart failure (HF) in this study was measuredwith the
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
Exercise Confidence Scale that included four subscales focused on walking, climbing,lifting obj
x x x x x x x x x x x x
ects of graded weight, and running (see the study narrative). This was a rating scalewith values r
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
anging from 0 to 100. The patients’ scores for the Total Exercise Confidence scaleand the subscal
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
es were considered interval-
x x x
level data and analyzed with parametric statistics,such as means and SDs (see the study narrative
x x x x x x x x x x x x x x x
; Waltz et al., 2017).
x x x x
