NURS 611 EXAM 1 COMPLETE VERSION WITH
QUESTIONS AND 100% CORRECT ANSWERS
NEW MODIFED EXAM TESTED AND
APPROVED!!!
Relative refractory --CORRECT ANSWER--During most of the action
potential, the plasma membrane cannot respond to an additional stimulus. This
time is known as the absolute refractory period and is related to changes in
permeability to sodium.
Absolute refractory period --CORRECT ANSWER--During the latter phase of
the action potential, when permeability to potassium increases, a stronger-
thannormal stimulus can evoke an action potential, known as the relative
refractory period.
Damage by free radicals/ROS --CORRECT ANSWER--When excessive ROSs
overwhelm the endogenous antioxidant systems, oxidative stress occurs. A very
large excess of ROS tends to cause necrosis, but smaller excess of ROS can
cause apoptosis.
Free radicals can cause lipid peroxidation or the destruction of unsaturated fatty
acid, alterations of proteins, and alterations in DNA
Page | 1
,What is the plasma membrane made up of? --CORRECT ANSWER--Lipids,
proteins, and polysaccharides
Why do we need a cell membrane? --CORRECT ANSWER--To keep the ICF
and ECF separate, structure, protection, activation of cell, transport, and cell-
tocell interaction
How is osmolality different between ICF and ECF? --CORRECT ANSWER-
The osmolality of ICF and ECF tends to equalize and therefore provides a
measure of body fluid concentration and thus the body's hydration status.
Nucleus --CORRECT ANSWER--DNA and RNA are housed here. Contains all
genetic material.
Ribosomes --CORRECT ANSWER--Responsible for protein synthesis
Mitochondria --CORRECT ANSWER--Produces ATP. This structure generates
ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. Cells power plant. The more a cell needs
energy the more it will need this. The heart would need more of this than the
eyes, bones, or skin.
Page | 2
,Golgi apparatus --CORRECT ANSWER--Responsible for packaging and
distribution. Processes and packages proteins for delivery. Shipping and
receiving center. Receives newly synthesized proteins and lipids from the ER.
Modified with sugar molecules for their destination. Then sends them on their
way.
Lysosome --CORRECT ANSWER--Degrades and recycles waste. Contains
digestive enzymes. Does this with hydrolase enzymes
Peroxisome --CORRECT ANSWER--Has a byproduct of H2O2 which produces
Free Radicals. Can detoxify compounds and fatty acids. (Think peroxide) they
break things down using oxygen. Byproduct is H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide).
Digest and breakdown organic molecules - uses molecular oxygen.
Free Radical --CORRECT ANSWER--Any molecular species capable of
independent existence that contains a single unpaired electron in an outer orbit.
Having one unpaired electron makes the molecule unstable; the molecule
becomes stabilized either by donating or by accepting an electron from another
molecule.
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) --CORRECT ANSWER--Chemically reactive
molecules from molecular oxygen formed as natural oxidant species in cells
during mitochondrial respiration and energy generation.
What do proteins do for the cell? --CORRECT ANSWER--Proteins act as
Page | 3
, Recognition and binding units (receptors) for substances moving in and out of
the cell;
Pores or transport channels for various electrically charged particles called ions
or electrolytes and specific carriers for amino acids and monosaccharides;
Specific enzymes that drive active pumps that promote concentration of certain
ions, particularly potassium (K+), within the cell while keeping concentrations
of other ions, for example sodium (Na+), below concentrations found in the
extracellular environment;
Cell surface markers, such as glycoproteins (proteins attached to carbohydrates),
that identify a cell to its neighbor;
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), or proteins that allow cells to hook together
and form attachments to the cytoskeleton for maintaining cellular shape; and
Catalysts of chemical reactions, for example, conversion of lactose to glucose.
How much of the cell membrane is made up of protein? --CORRECT
ANSWER--55% the cell membrane is made up of protein
What is a protein? --CORRECT ANSWER--A protein is made from a chain of
amino acids, known as polypeptides. There are 20 types of amino acids in
proteins, and each type of protein has a unique sequence of amino acids.
Proteins are the major workhorses of the cell.
Page | 4
QUESTIONS AND 100% CORRECT ANSWERS
NEW MODIFED EXAM TESTED AND
APPROVED!!!
Relative refractory --CORRECT ANSWER--During most of the action
potential, the plasma membrane cannot respond to an additional stimulus. This
time is known as the absolute refractory period and is related to changes in
permeability to sodium.
Absolute refractory period --CORRECT ANSWER--During the latter phase of
the action potential, when permeability to potassium increases, a stronger-
thannormal stimulus can evoke an action potential, known as the relative
refractory period.
Damage by free radicals/ROS --CORRECT ANSWER--When excessive ROSs
overwhelm the endogenous antioxidant systems, oxidative stress occurs. A very
large excess of ROS tends to cause necrosis, but smaller excess of ROS can
cause apoptosis.
Free radicals can cause lipid peroxidation or the destruction of unsaturated fatty
acid, alterations of proteins, and alterations in DNA
Page | 1
,What is the plasma membrane made up of? --CORRECT ANSWER--Lipids,
proteins, and polysaccharides
Why do we need a cell membrane? --CORRECT ANSWER--To keep the ICF
and ECF separate, structure, protection, activation of cell, transport, and cell-
tocell interaction
How is osmolality different between ICF and ECF? --CORRECT ANSWER-
The osmolality of ICF and ECF tends to equalize and therefore provides a
measure of body fluid concentration and thus the body's hydration status.
Nucleus --CORRECT ANSWER--DNA and RNA are housed here. Contains all
genetic material.
Ribosomes --CORRECT ANSWER--Responsible for protein synthesis
Mitochondria --CORRECT ANSWER--Produces ATP. This structure generates
ATP by oxidative phosphorylation. Cells power plant. The more a cell needs
energy the more it will need this. The heart would need more of this than the
eyes, bones, or skin.
Page | 2
,Golgi apparatus --CORRECT ANSWER--Responsible for packaging and
distribution. Processes and packages proteins for delivery. Shipping and
receiving center. Receives newly synthesized proteins and lipids from the ER.
Modified with sugar molecules for their destination. Then sends them on their
way.
Lysosome --CORRECT ANSWER--Degrades and recycles waste. Contains
digestive enzymes. Does this with hydrolase enzymes
Peroxisome --CORRECT ANSWER--Has a byproduct of H2O2 which produces
Free Radicals. Can detoxify compounds and fatty acids. (Think peroxide) they
break things down using oxygen. Byproduct is H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide).
Digest and breakdown organic molecules - uses molecular oxygen.
Free Radical --CORRECT ANSWER--Any molecular species capable of
independent existence that contains a single unpaired electron in an outer orbit.
Having one unpaired electron makes the molecule unstable; the molecule
becomes stabilized either by donating or by accepting an electron from another
molecule.
Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) --CORRECT ANSWER--Chemically reactive
molecules from molecular oxygen formed as natural oxidant species in cells
during mitochondrial respiration and energy generation.
What do proteins do for the cell? --CORRECT ANSWER--Proteins act as
Page | 3
, Recognition and binding units (receptors) for substances moving in and out of
the cell;
Pores or transport channels for various electrically charged particles called ions
or electrolytes and specific carriers for amino acids and monosaccharides;
Specific enzymes that drive active pumps that promote concentration of certain
ions, particularly potassium (K+), within the cell while keeping concentrations
of other ions, for example sodium (Na+), below concentrations found in the
extracellular environment;
Cell surface markers, such as glycoproteins (proteins attached to carbohydrates),
that identify a cell to its neighbor;
Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs), or proteins that allow cells to hook together
and form attachments to the cytoskeleton for maintaining cellular shape; and
Catalysts of chemical reactions, for example, conversion of lactose to glucose.
How much of the cell membrane is made up of protein? --CORRECT
ANSWER--55% the cell membrane is made up of protein
What is a protein? --CORRECT ANSWER--A protein is made from a chain of
amino acids, known as polypeptides. There are 20 types of amino acids in
proteins, and each type of protein has a unique sequence of amino acids.
Proteins are the major workhorses of the cell.
Page | 4
