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GMS 6552 Exam 2 Exam with
complete solutions latest version
Oncogene - CORRECT ANSWER-A gene that causes or contributes to the
development of cancer
Hallmarks of Cancer - CORRECT ANSWER-Sustaining proliferative signaling
Evading growth suppressors
Activating invasion and metastasis
Enabling replicative immortality
Inducing angiogenesis
Resisting cell death
In vivo oncogenic evidence - CORRECT ANSWER-Cause cancer when activated
in a transgenic animal
Render nontumorigenic cells tumorigenic
Knock down or knock out in tumorigenic cells renders the cells nontumorigenic
Activation/overexpression of the oncogene is strongly correlated with human
cancer
In vitro oncogenic evidence - CORRECT ANSWER-Causes anchorage-
independent growth in soft agar (protection from anoikis)
Causes focus formation (loss of contact inhibition)
Renders cell growth factor independent
Oncogenes in Cancer - CORRECT ANSWER-Aberrant expression of proto-
oncogenes that increases cell proliferation/survival
First identified in cancer-causing viruses
Typically a dominant mechanism
Oncogene activation is usually limited to somatic tissue, but more cases of
inherited oncogene mutations are being found
Biochemical functions of oncogenes - CORRECT ANSWER-G-proteins (Ras)
Protein Kinases (Raf, Akt)
Lipid Kinases (PI3-Kinase)
Transcription Factors (Myc)
Binding and inactivating apoptotic proteins (BCL2)
Protein Kinase regulatory subunits (Cyclins A, E, D)
Transcriptional coactivators (B-Catenin, YAP, TAZ)
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Five Ways to Activate Oncogenes - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Mutation of gene to
make it overactive
2. Amplification of a normal gene
3. Chromosomal Rearrangement
4. Promoter/enhancer insertion
5. Hypomethylation of oncogene
Amplification - CORRECT ANSWER-Multiple gene copies = too much transcript
and protein
DNA sequencing, DNA-PCR
RNA sequencing, RNA-PCR
Protein: Western
Chromosomal Rearrangement - CORRECT ANSWER-Affects regulatory region of
oncogene
Cytogenetics
PCR using primers
Promoter/Enhancer Insertion - CORRECT ANSWER-From retroviral integration
near oncogene
Gene expression activated from the viral promoter
Should activate oncogenes or disrupt tumor suppressors
Can find new genes
Hypomethylation of Oncogenes - CORRECT ANSWER-Ex. N-ras is activated in
liver cancer due to under-methylated promoter, allowing gene expression
Directly measure methylation using methyl-sensitive restriction enzyme/genomic
DNA,, bisulfite genomic sequencing, or methylation specific PCR
measure RNA/protein level
Oncogenes in medical practice - CORRECT ANSWER-Specific diagnosis, sub-
classification of tumor type, and/or prognosis can be based on certain gene
involvement
EGFR Inhibitors - CORRECT ANSWER-Sustaining proliferative signaling
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors - CORRECT ANSWER-evading growth
suppressors
Immune activating anti-CTLA4 mAb - CORRECT ANSWER-avoiding immune
destruction
Telomerase inhibitors - CORRECT ANSWER-enabling replicative immortality
Selective anti-inflammatory drugs - CORRECT ANSWER-Tumor-promoting
inflammation
Inhibitors of HGF/c-Met - CORRECT ANSWER-activating invasion and metastasis
GMS 6552 Exam 2 Exam with
complete solutions latest version
Oncogene - CORRECT ANSWER-A gene that causes or contributes to the
development of cancer
Hallmarks of Cancer - CORRECT ANSWER-Sustaining proliferative signaling
Evading growth suppressors
Activating invasion and metastasis
Enabling replicative immortality
Inducing angiogenesis
Resisting cell death
In vivo oncogenic evidence - CORRECT ANSWER-Cause cancer when activated
in a transgenic animal
Render nontumorigenic cells tumorigenic
Knock down or knock out in tumorigenic cells renders the cells nontumorigenic
Activation/overexpression of the oncogene is strongly correlated with human
cancer
In vitro oncogenic evidence - CORRECT ANSWER-Causes anchorage-
independent growth in soft agar (protection from anoikis)
Causes focus formation (loss of contact inhibition)
Renders cell growth factor independent
Oncogenes in Cancer - CORRECT ANSWER-Aberrant expression of proto-
oncogenes that increases cell proliferation/survival
First identified in cancer-causing viruses
Typically a dominant mechanism
Oncogene activation is usually limited to somatic tissue, but more cases of
inherited oncogene mutations are being found
Biochemical functions of oncogenes - CORRECT ANSWER-G-proteins (Ras)
Protein Kinases (Raf, Akt)
Lipid Kinases (PI3-Kinase)
Transcription Factors (Myc)
Binding and inactivating apoptotic proteins (BCL2)
Protein Kinase regulatory subunits (Cyclins A, E, D)
Transcriptional coactivators (B-Catenin, YAP, TAZ)
, www.stuvia.com/doc
Five Ways to Activate Oncogenes - CORRECT ANSWER-1. Mutation of gene to
make it overactive
2. Amplification of a normal gene
3. Chromosomal Rearrangement
4. Promoter/enhancer insertion
5. Hypomethylation of oncogene
Amplification - CORRECT ANSWER-Multiple gene copies = too much transcript
and protein
DNA sequencing, DNA-PCR
RNA sequencing, RNA-PCR
Protein: Western
Chromosomal Rearrangement - CORRECT ANSWER-Affects regulatory region of
oncogene
Cytogenetics
PCR using primers
Promoter/Enhancer Insertion - CORRECT ANSWER-From retroviral integration
near oncogene
Gene expression activated from the viral promoter
Should activate oncogenes or disrupt tumor suppressors
Can find new genes
Hypomethylation of Oncogenes - CORRECT ANSWER-Ex. N-ras is activated in
liver cancer due to under-methylated promoter, allowing gene expression
Directly measure methylation using methyl-sensitive restriction enzyme/genomic
DNA,, bisulfite genomic sequencing, or methylation specific PCR
measure RNA/protein level
Oncogenes in medical practice - CORRECT ANSWER-Specific diagnosis, sub-
classification of tumor type, and/or prognosis can be based on certain gene
involvement
EGFR Inhibitors - CORRECT ANSWER-Sustaining proliferative signaling
Cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitors - CORRECT ANSWER-evading growth
suppressors
Immune activating anti-CTLA4 mAb - CORRECT ANSWER-avoiding immune
destruction
Telomerase inhibitors - CORRECT ANSWER-enabling replicative immortality
Selective anti-inflammatory drugs - CORRECT ANSWER-Tumor-promoting
inflammation
Inhibitors of HGF/c-Met - CORRECT ANSWER-activating invasion and metastasis
