MTY1106 – Health Information System A.Y. 2024 – 2025
HEALTH CARE SYSTEM 1st Semester
TOPIC OUTLINE 2. IMPROVING THE RESPONSIVENESS OF THE
HEALTH SYSTEM
I. Defining Health Care System - Represents the concept that the health system
II. Goals and Functions of Health System provides services in the manner that people
A. WHO Three Main Goals for Health want to desire and engages people as active
Systems partners.
B. Four Vital Health System Functions • Obligation to respond to the legitimate non-
III. WHO Health System Framework health desires and expectations of the
IV. Philippine Health System population; and as well to maximize
A. Historical Background people’s autonomy and control.
B. Leadership and Governance • Embodies the values of respectfulness,
C. Centralization and Decentralization non-discrimination, humaneness, and
D. Directions of the Philippine Health confidentiality.
Sector
3. FAIRNESS IN FINANCIAL CONTRIBUTION
- To provide social and financial risk protection in
DEFINING HEALTH CARE SYSTEM health and be fairly financed.
• All health system must be financed and
• Bertalanffy (1968), a “system is an arrangement of adequately funded.
parts, and their interconnections come together for • A WHO definition of a fairly financed health
a purpose”. system is one that does not deter
• Roemer (1991), defined health as the “combination individuals from receiving needed care due
of resources, organization, financing and to payments required at the time of service
management that culminate in the delivery of and one in which individual pays
health services to the population”. approximately the same percentage of their
• WHO (2000) defined health system as “all income for needed service.
organizations, institutions, and resources that are
devoted to producing health actions”
FOUR VITAL HEALTH SYSTEM FUNCTIONS
• Health Action – any effort, whether in personal
1. HEALTH SERVICE PROVISION
health care, public health services or through
- Most visible product of the health system.
intersectoral initiatives, whose primary purpose is
• The deliverables of health service.
to improve health.
• Promotes health and try to avert illness
GOALS AND FUNCTIONS OF HEALTH SYSTEM through education and preventive
measures.
WHO THREE MAIN GOALS FOR HEALTH • “Delivering health services is thus an
SYSTEM essential part of what the system does–but
it is not what the system is” (WHO, 2000).
1. IMPROVING THE HEALTH OF POPULATION
- Overarching goal of every health system 2. HEALTH SERVICE INPUTS
according to WHO. - Managing resources is the assembling of
• The safety of the population must be essential resources for delivering health
protected existing and emerging health services.
risks. • Includes human resource, medications and
• Health system should strive for equity to medical equipment.
reduce disparities in health services. • This function is generally outside the
• Disparities are most effectively reduced immediate control of health system policy
when they are recognized and their makers.
minimization is an explicit national goal. 3. STEWARDSHIP
DAN JOSE CUDEN 1
, HEALTH CARE SYSTEM
- The overall system oversight that sets the financial resources to finance or buy health
context and policy framework for the overall care services for their members.
health system.
WHO HEALTH SYSTEM FRAMEWORK
• This function is a governmental
responsibility. 1. SERVICE DELIVERY
• The central function of stewardship is - Deliver effective, safe, quality personal and
generating appropriate data for policy non-personal health interventions.
making. • Must be optimum and cost-effective.
• It identifies the health priorities, provides
institutional framework, coordination or 2. HEALTH WORKFORCE
partnership with other systems external to - Works in ways that are responsive, fair, and
healthcare, and resource generation. efficient.
• Sufficiency, competence, and sense of
4. HEALTH FINANCING urgency of health allied staff ratio.
- Includes collecting revenues, pooling financial
risk, and allocating revenue. 3. INFORMATION
- Use of reliable and timely information on health
Revenue Collection determinants.
- Collection of money to pay for health care
4. MEDICAL PRODUCTS, VACCINES, &
services.
TECHNOLOGIES
• Revenue collection mechanism are
- Equitable access to essential medical
general taxation, donor financing,
products, vaccines and technologies of
mandatory payroll contributions,
assured quality.
mandatory risk-rated contributions,
direct household out-of-pocket 5. FINANCING
expenditures. - Raises adequate funds for health.
• Associated with specific way of
6. LEADERSHIP & GOVERNANCE
organizing and pooling funds and buying
- Ensures strategic policy frameworks that are
services.
combined with effective stewardship, coalition-
Risk Pooling building, appropriate regulations and
- Collection and management of financial incentives, attention to system-design, and
resources in a way that spreads financial risks accountability.
from an individual to all pool members (WHO,
PHILIPPINE HEALTH SYSTEM
2000).
• Core function of health insurance HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
mechanism
• Bismark Model (Bismark’s Law on Major areas of the following health reform
Health Insurance of 1883) – it uses an initiatives are the health service delivery, health
insurance system; the insurers are regulation, and health financing.
called sickness funds. Usually financed
Year Health Reform
jointly by employers and employees 1970 Primary Health Developed a largely centralized
through payroll deduction. Care for All government-funded and
operated health care system.
• Beveridge Model (from the report of
1979 Adoption of Promoted participatory
Social Insurance and Allied Services of
Primary Health management of the local health
1942- Beveridge Report) – financed by Care care system
the government through tax payments.
1982 Reorganization of Integrated public health and
DOH hospital services
Strategic Purchasing
- Way most risk-pooling organizations or 1986 Milk Code of 1986 Prevention and nutrition to
purchasers use collected and pooled promote breastfeeding
DAN JOSE CUDEN 2
HEALTH CARE SYSTEM 1st Semester
TOPIC OUTLINE 2. IMPROVING THE RESPONSIVENESS OF THE
HEALTH SYSTEM
I. Defining Health Care System - Represents the concept that the health system
II. Goals and Functions of Health System provides services in the manner that people
A. WHO Three Main Goals for Health want to desire and engages people as active
Systems partners.
B. Four Vital Health System Functions • Obligation to respond to the legitimate non-
III. WHO Health System Framework health desires and expectations of the
IV. Philippine Health System population; and as well to maximize
A. Historical Background people’s autonomy and control.
B. Leadership and Governance • Embodies the values of respectfulness,
C. Centralization and Decentralization non-discrimination, humaneness, and
D. Directions of the Philippine Health confidentiality.
Sector
3. FAIRNESS IN FINANCIAL CONTRIBUTION
- To provide social and financial risk protection in
DEFINING HEALTH CARE SYSTEM health and be fairly financed.
• All health system must be financed and
• Bertalanffy (1968), a “system is an arrangement of adequately funded.
parts, and their interconnections come together for • A WHO definition of a fairly financed health
a purpose”. system is one that does not deter
• Roemer (1991), defined health as the “combination individuals from receiving needed care due
of resources, organization, financing and to payments required at the time of service
management that culminate in the delivery of and one in which individual pays
health services to the population”. approximately the same percentage of their
• WHO (2000) defined health system as “all income for needed service.
organizations, institutions, and resources that are
devoted to producing health actions”
FOUR VITAL HEALTH SYSTEM FUNCTIONS
• Health Action – any effort, whether in personal
1. HEALTH SERVICE PROVISION
health care, public health services or through
- Most visible product of the health system.
intersectoral initiatives, whose primary purpose is
• The deliverables of health service.
to improve health.
• Promotes health and try to avert illness
GOALS AND FUNCTIONS OF HEALTH SYSTEM through education and preventive
measures.
WHO THREE MAIN GOALS FOR HEALTH • “Delivering health services is thus an
SYSTEM essential part of what the system does–but
it is not what the system is” (WHO, 2000).
1. IMPROVING THE HEALTH OF POPULATION
- Overarching goal of every health system 2. HEALTH SERVICE INPUTS
according to WHO. - Managing resources is the assembling of
• The safety of the population must be essential resources for delivering health
protected existing and emerging health services.
risks. • Includes human resource, medications and
• Health system should strive for equity to medical equipment.
reduce disparities in health services. • This function is generally outside the
• Disparities are most effectively reduced immediate control of health system policy
when they are recognized and their makers.
minimization is an explicit national goal. 3. STEWARDSHIP
DAN JOSE CUDEN 1
, HEALTH CARE SYSTEM
- The overall system oversight that sets the financial resources to finance or buy health
context and policy framework for the overall care services for their members.
health system.
WHO HEALTH SYSTEM FRAMEWORK
• This function is a governmental
responsibility. 1. SERVICE DELIVERY
• The central function of stewardship is - Deliver effective, safe, quality personal and
generating appropriate data for policy non-personal health interventions.
making. • Must be optimum and cost-effective.
• It identifies the health priorities, provides
institutional framework, coordination or 2. HEALTH WORKFORCE
partnership with other systems external to - Works in ways that are responsive, fair, and
healthcare, and resource generation. efficient.
• Sufficiency, competence, and sense of
4. HEALTH FINANCING urgency of health allied staff ratio.
- Includes collecting revenues, pooling financial
risk, and allocating revenue. 3. INFORMATION
- Use of reliable and timely information on health
Revenue Collection determinants.
- Collection of money to pay for health care
4. MEDICAL PRODUCTS, VACCINES, &
services.
TECHNOLOGIES
• Revenue collection mechanism are
- Equitable access to essential medical
general taxation, donor financing,
products, vaccines and technologies of
mandatory payroll contributions,
assured quality.
mandatory risk-rated contributions,
direct household out-of-pocket 5. FINANCING
expenditures. - Raises adequate funds for health.
• Associated with specific way of
6. LEADERSHIP & GOVERNANCE
organizing and pooling funds and buying
- Ensures strategic policy frameworks that are
services.
combined with effective stewardship, coalition-
Risk Pooling building, appropriate regulations and
- Collection and management of financial incentives, attention to system-design, and
resources in a way that spreads financial risks accountability.
from an individual to all pool members (WHO,
PHILIPPINE HEALTH SYSTEM
2000).
• Core function of health insurance HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
mechanism
• Bismark Model (Bismark’s Law on Major areas of the following health reform
Health Insurance of 1883) – it uses an initiatives are the health service delivery, health
insurance system; the insurers are regulation, and health financing.
called sickness funds. Usually financed
Year Health Reform
jointly by employers and employees 1970 Primary Health Developed a largely centralized
through payroll deduction. Care for All government-funded and
operated health care system.
• Beveridge Model (from the report of
1979 Adoption of Promoted participatory
Social Insurance and Allied Services of
Primary Health management of the local health
1942- Beveridge Report) – financed by Care care system
the government through tax payments.
1982 Reorganization of Integrated public health and
DOH hospital services
Strategic Purchasing
- Way most risk-pooling organizations or 1986 Milk Code of 1986 Prevention and nutrition to
purchasers use collected and pooled promote breastfeeding
DAN JOSE CUDEN 2
