DISEASES OF THE LIVER AND PANCREAS OVERVIEW, FUNCTIONS AND ANATOMY DIGESTIVE SYSTEM PATHOLOGY ,KEY FEATURES QUESTIONS WITH CORRECT VERIFIED ANSWERS |100%

Degeneration Reversible cell swelling due to moderate toxins. Intracellular Accumulation Build-up of substances like fat or copper in the liver Wilson disease a congenital disorder that causes a person to retain excess copper Apoptosis Programmed cell death in liver cells. Regeneration Liver cell replacement after injury or resection. Inflammation Hepatocyte injury with inflammatory cell influx. Fibrosis Scar tissue formation in response to inflammation or direct toxic result Progressive fibrosis with nodular liver regeneration Caused by Alcohol, chronic hepatitis, biliary disease, iron overload. Hallmarks: • Bridging fibrous septa • Parenchymal nodules • Disrupted liver architecture Ductular Reaction Biliary ductule proliferation with fibrosis and inflammation. Acute Liver Failure Type of liver failure w/Massive necrosis, often from drugs or viruses. Chronic Liver Disease Type of liver failure w/Long-term liver damage leading to cirrhosis. Hepatic Dysfunction Type of liver failure with viable hepatocytes unable to function normally. Not overtly necrotic Jaundice Yellowing of skin due to bile retention. Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia Excess bilirubin production, hepatic uptake defects, impaired conjugation. Conjugated hyperbilirubinemia Decreased hepatocellular excretion, impaired bile flow. Bile function Eliminates bilirubin, cholesterol, xenobiotics, and emulsifies dietary fat. Cholestasis Bile retention due to liver dysfunction or blockage Symptoms: Skin xanthomas (cholesterol deposits), elevated alkaline phosphatase Hepatic Encephalopathy Complication of acute & chronic liver failure with brain dysfunction. Symptoms range from behavioral changes to coma & death. Asterixix may be present Asterixis "Flapping tremor" (nonrhythmic extension-flexion movements). Acute hepatic encephalopathy Elevated blood ammonia impairs neurons, causing edema. Chronic hepatic encephalopathy Deranged neurotransmission due to altered amino acid metabolism. Hepatorenal Syndrome Renal failure in severe liver disease without primary kidney abnormality. Vasodilation in splanchnic circulation & systemic vasoconstriction ’ severe renal blood flow reduction. Kidneys retain ability to concentrate urine, leading to hyperosmolar urine low in sodium.