Grade 12 biology exam review Questions with
Answers
Dehydration synthesis - -A reaction at which two molecules combine to create a larger
molecule taking out H2O.
-Hydrolysis - -A reaction at which a compound reacts with water to produce other
compounds.
-Redox - -A chemical reaction where atoms gain or lose electrons (LEO the lion says GER)
-Neutralization reaction - -Where an acid and a base reacts to form H2O.
-Lipids - -Made out of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The role of the lipids is to insulate the
organs and joints. The are made up of ester bonds.
-Protein - -Made out of amino acids and bonds are peptide bonds, the protein form
enzymes, cell surface markers and cell membrane are protein channels.
-Carbohydrates - -Made up of hydrogen, carbon and oxygen, it is the main source of
energy, and the bonds are glycosidic linkages.
[->types of carbs= Monosaccharide= one sugar, Disaccharide= 2 sugars, Polysaccharide=
many sugars (3 or more).]
-Nucleic Acid - -Organisms store hereditary and genetic information that determine
structural and functional characteristic.
-Enzymes - -Lower activation energy and are catalyst. Factors affecting the reactions are
temperature, ph, and concentration.
(Enzyme shape) = Non-competitive- Does not compete for an active site.
= Competitive- Able to enter active site to block normal substrate for
-Glycolysis - -Happens in cytoplasm. 2 ATP are used to make 2 ADP in investment phase, 2
NAD are used to make 2 NADH and in payoff phase 4 ATP are used to make ADP and 2
H2O's are taken out.
-Pyruvate Oxidation - -This occurs in the mitochondrial matrix 2 pyruvate and a NAD
forms 2 NADH ,2 CO2 and 2 acetyl coa
-Krebs - -Happens in mitochondrial matrix. 3 NADPH is made, 2 CO2 is made, 1 FADH is
made, and 1 ATP is made.
-Oxidative phosphorylation - -Involves a series of redox reaction, O2 is used to oxidize
electron carriers FADH and NADH to produce ATP.
, -ETC - -Happens in the inner mitochondrial membrane, and involves use of high energy to
push H+ from the stroma to the inner Thylakoid space.
-Chloroplast - -Found mainly in the cell of the mesophyll (interior tissue of the leaf).
Within the chloroplast you have the thylakoid, granum, and stroma.
-Light dependent - -Occurs in the thylakoid and uses H2O and light to produce ATP, NADH
and O2.
-Calvin Cycle - -Occurs in the stroma and uses carbon dioxide, ATP and NADH to produce
sugar.
-Photosynthesis - -Occurs in plants, leafs are the major location of photosynthesis. CO2
enters and O2 exits the leaf through small holes called stomata.
-Substrate Leve - -ATP is formed directly in a catalyst reaction for each glucose molecule
made 4 ATP are generated.
-Oxidative Phosphorylation - -ATP is formed indirectly and involves a series of redox
reaction. The use of O2 to oxidize electron carriers NADH and FADH to produce ATP.
-DNA - -Stays within the nucleus and is a double helix shape, A pairs with T.
-RNA - -Leaves the nucleus and is single stranded, T pairs with uracil (u).
-DNA replication 1 - -DNA gyrase relaxes the bonds of the helix.
-DNA replication 2 - -DNA helicase unzips the helix.
-DNA replication 3 - -SIngle stranded binding protein binds to open DNA strands.
-DNA replication 4 - -Primase creates RNA primers used to start strand synthesis.
-DNA replication 5 - -DNA polymerase III Synthesizes new complementary strands.
-DNA replication 6 - -RNA polymerase I turn DNA into RNA
-DNA replication 7 - -DNA ligase joins remaining gaps.
-DNA replication 8 - -Polymerase III and II check for and correct errors.
-Replication fork - -Little lines are lagging strands and long straight line is leading strand.
-Helicase - -Breaks down the hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs.
Answers
Dehydration synthesis - -A reaction at which two molecules combine to create a larger
molecule taking out H2O.
-Hydrolysis - -A reaction at which a compound reacts with water to produce other
compounds.
-Redox - -A chemical reaction where atoms gain or lose electrons (LEO the lion says GER)
-Neutralization reaction - -Where an acid and a base reacts to form H2O.
-Lipids - -Made out of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen. The role of the lipids is to insulate the
organs and joints. The are made up of ester bonds.
-Protein - -Made out of amino acids and bonds are peptide bonds, the protein form
enzymes, cell surface markers and cell membrane are protein channels.
-Carbohydrates - -Made up of hydrogen, carbon and oxygen, it is the main source of
energy, and the bonds are glycosidic linkages.
[->types of carbs= Monosaccharide= one sugar, Disaccharide= 2 sugars, Polysaccharide=
many sugars (3 or more).]
-Nucleic Acid - -Organisms store hereditary and genetic information that determine
structural and functional characteristic.
-Enzymes - -Lower activation energy and are catalyst. Factors affecting the reactions are
temperature, ph, and concentration.
(Enzyme shape) = Non-competitive- Does not compete for an active site.
= Competitive- Able to enter active site to block normal substrate for
-Glycolysis - -Happens in cytoplasm. 2 ATP are used to make 2 ADP in investment phase, 2
NAD are used to make 2 NADH and in payoff phase 4 ATP are used to make ADP and 2
H2O's are taken out.
-Pyruvate Oxidation - -This occurs in the mitochondrial matrix 2 pyruvate and a NAD
forms 2 NADH ,2 CO2 and 2 acetyl coa
-Krebs - -Happens in mitochondrial matrix. 3 NADPH is made, 2 CO2 is made, 1 FADH is
made, and 1 ATP is made.
-Oxidative phosphorylation - -Involves a series of redox reaction, O2 is used to oxidize
electron carriers FADH and NADH to produce ATP.
, -ETC - -Happens in the inner mitochondrial membrane, and involves use of high energy to
push H+ from the stroma to the inner Thylakoid space.
-Chloroplast - -Found mainly in the cell of the mesophyll (interior tissue of the leaf).
Within the chloroplast you have the thylakoid, granum, and stroma.
-Light dependent - -Occurs in the thylakoid and uses H2O and light to produce ATP, NADH
and O2.
-Calvin Cycle - -Occurs in the stroma and uses carbon dioxide, ATP and NADH to produce
sugar.
-Photosynthesis - -Occurs in plants, leafs are the major location of photosynthesis. CO2
enters and O2 exits the leaf through small holes called stomata.
-Substrate Leve - -ATP is formed directly in a catalyst reaction for each glucose molecule
made 4 ATP are generated.
-Oxidative Phosphorylation - -ATP is formed indirectly and involves a series of redox
reaction. The use of O2 to oxidize electron carriers NADH and FADH to produce ATP.
-DNA - -Stays within the nucleus and is a double helix shape, A pairs with T.
-RNA - -Leaves the nucleus and is single stranded, T pairs with uracil (u).
-DNA replication 1 - -DNA gyrase relaxes the bonds of the helix.
-DNA replication 2 - -DNA helicase unzips the helix.
-DNA replication 3 - -SIngle stranded binding protein binds to open DNA strands.
-DNA replication 4 - -Primase creates RNA primers used to start strand synthesis.
-DNA replication 5 - -DNA polymerase III Synthesizes new complementary strands.
-DNA replication 6 - -RNA polymerase I turn DNA into RNA
-DNA replication 7 - -DNA ligase joins remaining gaps.
-DNA replication 8 - -Polymerase III and II check for and correct errors.
-Replication fork - -Little lines are lagging strands and long straight line is leading strand.
-Helicase - -Breaks down the hydrogen bonds between complementary base pairs.
