BIO 101 Exam 2 WVU Salihu |90 Q’s and A’s
- -nucleic acids in all cells
-pH scale - -Acidic: 0-6.9
Neutral: 7
Basic (alkaline): 7.1-14
-acidity - -amount of hydrogen ions in a solution (called pH)
-acids vs. bases ions - -acids- more H+
bases- more OH-
-macromolecules - -sequence of simple molecules; all composed of C, H, and O
-types of macromolecules - -carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acid
-elements in DNA - -contains the same elements as other macromolecules, except it has N
and P
-monomers of complex carbs - -glucose, fructose, galactose
-types of complex carbohydrates - -starch, cellulose, chitin,
-function of complex carbs - -function to get energy to cell so if can carry out activities
-cellulose - -carbohydrate that make plant cell walls
-chitin - -carbohydrate that makes exoskeleton of insects
-carb loading - -excess carbs stored in muscles as glycogen and broken down when blood
glucose is low
-peptide bond - -covalent bond formed between amino acids
-protein functions - -1. structural
2. protective- antibodies
3. regulatory- signaling proteins
4. contractile- actin/myosin
5. transport- hemoglobin
does most work in cell
-amino acids - -building blocks of protein (monomers); 20 types; made of C, H, O, N and
sometimes S
, -polypeptides - -several amino acids joined together
-dipeptide - -2 amino acids joined together
-primary structure - -sequence of amino acids in a peptide chain
-secondary structure - -twists or folds formed by H-bonds between amino acids in peptide
chain
-tertiary structure - -3D shape formed by multiple twists/bends in peptide chain
-quaternary structure - -two or more polypeptide chains bonded together; functional form
-denaturation - -when extreme enviro(heat/pH) breaks
H-bonds causing protein to unfold and lose functionality
-prion - -misshapen protein that causes brain disease
-types of lipids - -fats, sterols, phospholipids, waxes
-fats - -long-term energy storage and insulation
-sterols - -regulate growth and development
-phospholipids - -form the membranes that enclose cells
-unsaturated fats - -contain double bonds; kinked/crooked; liquid at room temp
-saturated fats - -can be packed together tightly; solid at room temp; dont contain double
bonds
-LDL - -carries cholesterol to body tissue
-HDL - -carries cholesterol away from tissues to liver for disposal
-nucleotides - -building blocks of neuclic acids; sugar molecule, phosphate group,
nitrogenous base
-nucleotides in all cells - -DNA and RNA
-function of DNA - -sting of genes; long term storage of info
-function of RNA - -converts info from DNA into proteins
-structure of a nucleotide - -phosphate grp, sugar, nitrogenous base
- -nucleic acids in all cells
-pH scale - -Acidic: 0-6.9
Neutral: 7
Basic (alkaline): 7.1-14
-acidity - -amount of hydrogen ions in a solution (called pH)
-acids vs. bases ions - -acids- more H+
bases- more OH-
-macromolecules - -sequence of simple molecules; all composed of C, H, and O
-types of macromolecules - -carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acid
-elements in DNA - -contains the same elements as other macromolecules, except it has N
and P
-monomers of complex carbs - -glucose, fructose, galactose
-types of complex carbohydrates - -starch, cellulose, chitin,
-function of complex carbs - -function to get energy to cell so if can carry out activities
-cellulose - -carbohydrate that make plant cell walls
-chitin - -carbohydrate that makes exoskeleton of insects
-carb loading - -excess carbs stored in muscles as glycogen and broken down when blood
glucose is low
-peptide bond - -covalent bond formed between amino acids
-protein functions - -1. structural
2. protective- antibodies
3. regulatory- signaling proteins
4. contractile- actin/myosin
5. transport- hemoglobin
does most work in cell
-amino acids - -building blocks of protein (monomers); 20 types; made of C, H, O, N and
sometimes S
, -polypeptides - -several amino acids joined together
-dipeptide - -2 amino acids joined together
-primary structure - -sequence of amino acids in a peptide chain
-secondary structure - -twists or folds formed by H-bonds between amino acids in peptide
chain
-tertiary structure - -3D shape formed by multiple twists/bends in peptide chain
-quaternary structure - -two or more polypeptide chains bonded together; functional form
-denaturation - -when extreme enviro(heat/pH) breaks
H-bonds causing protein to unfold and lose functionality
-prion - -misshapen protein that causes brain disease
-types of lipids - -fats, sterols, phospholipids, waxes
-fats - -long-term energy storage and insulation
-sterols - -regulate growth and development
-phospholipids - -form the membranes that enclose cells
-unsaturated fats - -contain double bonds; kinked/crooked; liquid at room temp
-saturated fats - -can be packed together tightly; solid at room temp; dont contain double
bonds
-LDL - -carries cholesterol to body tissue
-HDL - -carries cholesterol away from tissues to liver for disposal
-nucleotides - -building blocks of neuclic acids; sugar molecule, phosphate group,
nitrogenous base
-nucleotides in all cells - -DNA and RNA
-function of DNA - -sting of genes; long term storage of info
-function of RNA - -converts info from DNA into proteins
-structure of a nucleotide - -phosphate grp, sugar, nitrogenous base
