Foundations of Biology of Exam 1 |280
Questions and Answers
6 Characteristics of living organisms - -1. Composed of one or more cells
2 &3. Cells contain genetic information for their structure, physiology, and reproduction
4. Are genetically related and have evolved
5. Acquire nutrients from their environment
6. Regulate their internal environment to achieve homeostasis
7. Respond to changes in their exterior environment both biotic and abiotic
-What determines how atoms interact to form molecules? - -number of electrons which
contributes to bonding patters, molecular geometry, and most energetically stable
distribution of electrons is favored.
-The octet rule - -atoms with 8 electrons in their outer shell are most stable
-2 types of bonding - -1. Covalent
2. Ionic
-Covalent bonds - -sharing of one or more electrons between two atoms
-Ionic bonds - -involve the transfer of an electron from one atom to another atom and the
subsequent attraction between the two ions of the opposite charge
-Electronegativity - -the attractive force that an atomic nucleus exerts on shared elections
-What does the electronegativity depend on? - -the number of protons and the distance
between electrons and the nucleus
-Polar covalent bond - -unequal sharing of electrons
-When can a Complete Transfer of electrons occur and what is the result? - -1. when one
atom is much more electronegative
2. two oppositely charged ions with a full outer electron shell
-Two types of ions and charge of each - -1. Cations: positive
2. Anions: negative
-Ionic compound - -the electrical attraction and subsequent binding of cations and anions
-What type of bonding is very important within cells? - -Hydrogen bonding
-Hydrophobic - -water hating, non polar, will not interact well with water.
,-Hydrophilic - -water loving, polar, will interact well with water.
-Important rules to remember with chemical reactions - -1. matter and energy is neither
created or destroyed
2. the number of atoms in the products and reactants of a reaction must balance
3. amount of energy in the products and reactants differs but the total amount of energy is
conserved.
-What gives water its unique properties? - -its structure
-Water's structure and what it allows it to do - --polar molecule
-tetrahedral
-form hydrogen bonds with water and other polar ionic compounds
-Hydrogen boding in 1.liquid and 2.solid water makes water - -1. cohesive
2. less dense than liquid water, i.e. it floats
-The greater the number of hydrogen bonds in water - -the higher the specific heat
-What makes water the best solvent? Why? - -1. polar covalent bonds
2. polar and ionic compounds dissolve easily
-Water ______ in cells - -ionizes
-Water acts as a weak ______ and ______ - -acid, base
-Acids - -give up H+ ions
-Bases - -accept H+ ions
-Cellular pH - -close to that of water, around 7
-Calculating pH - -pH=-log10[H+]
-Carbon based organic molecules - -1. have four valence electrons
2. can form four covalent bonds with other carbon atoms or other atoms usually (H,N,O)
3. can form single, double, or covalent bonds
-What forms the biological skeleton for most molecules? - -1. Carbon chains
-Structural isomers - -chains of atoms that can be straight, branched, or rings
-What can optimize the structural and functional diversity of structural isomers - -1. Cis-
trans
2. Optical isomers
, -All living organisms have what four type of macromolecules? - -1. proteins
2. carbohydrates
3. lipids
4. nucleic acids
-most macromolecules are ______ - -polymers made up of covalently linked chains of
monomers
-Functional groups - -different monomer and polymer groups attached to the carbon
skeleton that have different chemical and physical properties
-A single macromolecule may contain many ______ - -several different functional groups
-Isomers - -same atoms, different arrangements
-Three different types of Isomers - -1. Structural: differ structurally
2. Optical: mirror image
3. Cis-trans: geometric, ions flip flop sides
-Common monomers - -1. amino acid
2. fatty acid
3. monosaccharide
4. nucleotide
-Condensations (dehydration synthesis) - -water out, energy in
-Hydrolysis - -water in, energy out
-Structure and functions of proteins - -1. polymers of 20 different amino acids
2. also called poly peptides because the covalent bond between two amino acids is a
peptide bond
3. vary in size and composition of amino acids
-Key to proteins' shape and function - -R-groups, 20 different side chains distinguished by
size and functional group
-Synthesis of proteins - -1. grow from the N-terminus to the C-terminus
2. fold into reproducible shapes as a result of amino acid composition and order
3. some proteins are made from one polypeptide, some are made from several
-Levels of Protein structure - -1. primary
2. secondary
3. tertiary
4. quaternary
-Primary structure - -the sequence order and composition of amino acids
Questions and Answers
6 Characteristics of living organisms - -1. Composed of one or more cells
2 &3. Cells contain genetic information for their structure, physiology, and reproduction
4. Are genetically related and have evolved
5. Acquire nutrients from their environment
6. Regulate their internal environment to achieve homeostasis
7. Respond to changes in their exterior environment both biotic and abiotic
-What determines how atoms interact to form molecules? - -number of electrons which
contributes to bonding patters, molecular geometry, and most energetically stable
distribution of electrons is favored.
-The octet rule - -atoms with 8 electrons in their outer shell are most stable
-2 types of bonding - -1. Covalent
2. Ionic
-Covalent bonds - -sharing of one or more electrons between two atoms
-Ionic bonds - -involve the transfer of an electron from one atom to another atom and the
subsequent attraction between the two ions of the opposite charge
-Electronegativity - -the attractive force that an atomic nucleus exerts on shared elections
-What does the electronegativity depend on? - -the number of protons and the distance
between electrons and the nucleus
-Polar covalent bond - -unequal sharing of electrons
-When can a Complete Transfer of electrons occur and what is the result? - -1. when one
atom is much more electronegative
2. two oppositely charged ions with a full outer electron shell
-Two types of ions and charge of each - -1. Cations: positive
2. Anions: negative
-Ionic compound - -the electrical attraction and subsequent binding of cations and anions
-What type of bonding is very important within cells? - -Hydrogen bonding
-Hydrophobic - -water hating, non polar, will not interact well with water.
,-Hydrophilic - -water loving, polar, will interact well with water.
-Important rules to remember with chemical reactions - -1. matter and energy is neither
created or destroyed
2. the number of atoms in the products and reactants of a reaction must balance
3. amount of energy in the products and reactants differs but the total amount of energy is
conserved.
-What gives water its unique properties? - -its structure
-Water's structure and what it allows it to do - --polar molecule
-tetrahedral
-form hydrogen bonds with water and other polar ionic compounds
-Hydrogen boding in 1.liquid and 2.solid water makes water - -1. cohesive
2. less dense than liquid water, i.e. it floats
-The greater the number of hydrogen bonds in water - -the higher the specific heat
-What makes water the best solvent? Why? - -1. polar covalent bonds
2. polar and ionic compounds dissolve easily
-Water ______ in cells - -ionizes
-Water acts as a weak ______ and ______ - -acid, base
-Acids - -give up H+ ions
-Bases - -accept H+ ions
-Cellular pH - -close to that of water, around 7
-Calculating pH - -pH=-log10[H+]
-Carbon based organic molecules - -1. have four valence electrons
2. can form four covalent bonds with other carbon atoms or other atoms usually (H,N,O)
3. can form single, double, or covalent bonds
-What forms the biological skeleton for most molecules? - -1. Carbon chains
-Structural isomers - -chains of atoms that can be straight, branched, or rings
-What can optimize the structural and functional diversity of structural isomers - -1. Cis-
trans
2. Optical isomers
, -All living organisms have what four type of macromolecules? - -1. proteins
2. carbohydrates
3. lipids
4. nucleic acids
-most macromolecules are ______ - -polymers made up of covalently linked chains of
monomers
-Functional groups - -different monomer and polymer groups attached to the carbon
skeleton that have different chemical and physical properties
-A single macromolecule may contain many ______ - -several different functional groups
-Isomers - -same atoms, different arrangements
-Three different types of Isomers - -1. Structural: differ structurally
2. Optical: mirror image
3. Cis-trans: geometric, ions flip flop sides
-Common monomers - -1. amino acid
2. fatty acid
3. monosaccharide
4. nucleotide
-Condensations (dehydration synthesis) - -water out, energy in
-Hydrolysis - -water in, energy out
-Structure and functions of proteins - -1. polymers of 20 different amino acids
2. also called poly peptides because the covalent bond between two amino acids is a
peptide bond
3. vary in size and composition of amino acids
-Key to proteins' shape and function - -R-groups, 20 different side chains distinguished by
size and functional group
-Synthesis of proteins - -1. grow from the N-terminus to the C-terminus
2. fold into reproducible shapes as a result of amino acid composition and order
3. some proteins are made from one polypeptide, some are made from several
-Levels of Protein structure - -1. primary
2. secondary
3. tertiary
4. quaternary
-Primary structure - -the sequence order and composition of amino acids
