Biology Exam 1: Chapters 1-3 | 83 Questions and Answers
Hypothesis - -must be testable and falsifiable; an educated prediction that can be tested
-Prediction - -making an educated guess as to what might happen based on observation
-Experiments - -a test under controlled conditions that is made to demonstrate a known
truth, to examine the validity of a hypothesis, or to determine the efficacy of something
previously untried; the process of conducting such a test
-Scientific Theory - -a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world,
based on a body of facts that have been repeatedly confirmed through observation and
experimentation
-Control group - -a group of subjects that are not given the treatment being tested in order
to serve as a benchmark for the tested group
-Experimental group - -a group of subjects who are exposed to the variable under study
-What are the components of the scientific method? - -1. observation 2. hypothesis 3.
experiment 4. conclusion
-What are the limitations of science? - -can't involve the supernatural; hypothesis should
be testable and falsifiable
-Qualitative Data - -descriptions
-Quantitative Data - -numbers/measurements
-Molecules - -a group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental
unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction
-compound - -a substance consisting of 2 or more elements in a fixed ratio
-Chemical bonds - -elements can combine to form compounds; only electrons are directly
involved in chemical reactions
-Electronegativity - -is a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of
electrons
-Ionic bond - -the complete transfer of valence electrons between atoms; it is a type of
chemical bond that generates two oppositely charged ions; attraction occurs between
negative and positive ions
-Hydrophobic - -water-fearing; molecules are repelled by water (ex: lipids)
, -Hydrophilic - -water-loving; molecules dissolve easily in water (ex: simple sugar)
-Polar - -covalent bond between 2 atoms that do not equally share electrons (tug of war)
-Non-Polar - -covalent bond between 2 atoms that share electrons equally (ex: oxygen)
-Products - -a substance that is formed when 2 or more chemicals react
-Reactants - -substances that start a chemical reaction
-What is the periodic table? - -a list of 92 elements in order from lowest amount of protons
to greatest
-What elements are most prevalent in the human body? - -1. nitrogen 2. oxygen 3. carbon
4. hydrogen
-What are trace elements? - -only need a small amount of them to thrive; they are
important because they are vital for maintaining health
-What are specific examples of the importance of trace elements in the human body? - -
Iodine- goiter will occur if not enough iodine; fluorine- maintain healthy bones and teeth
(found in dental products and water)
-What are the major bonds in biological molecules? - -1. non-covalent (hydrogen bond,
ionic bond, hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and Van der Waals)
2. covalent (polar and non-polar)
-Covalent bonds - -takes a lot of effort to break the bond; forms when 2 atoms share one or
more pairs of electrons (very strong)
-Non-covalent bonds - -easily broken bond; forms when 2 atoms are attracted to 1 or
more pairs of electrons (weak); requires less energy to break
-Hydrogen bond - -partial positive charge and partial negative charge
-Van der Waals - -happens when molecules are certain distances from each other (not too
close or too far apart); occurs between polar and non polar molecules and intermolecular
forces
-What is the role of molecule structure and function? - -Structure dictates function
-What produces natural endorphins?; How do opiates relieve pain? - -pituitary gland;
opioids attach to receptors in the brain with non covalent bonds
Hypothesis - -must be testable and falsifiable; an educated prediction that can be tested
-Prediction - -making an educated guess as to what might happen based on observation
-Experiments - -a test under controlled conditions that is made to demonstrate a known
truth, to examine the validity of a hypothesis, or to determine the efficacy of something
previously untried; the process of conducting such a test
-Scientific Theory - -a well-substantiated explanation of some aspect of the natural world,
based on a body of facts that have been repeatedly confirmed through observation and
experimentation
-Control group - -a group of subjects that are not given the treatment being tested in order
to serve as a benchmark for the tested group
-Experimental group - -a group of subjects who are exposed to the variable under study
-What are the components of the scientific method? - -1. observation 2. hypothesis 3.
experiment 4. conclusion
-What are the limitations of science? - -can't involve the supernatural; hypothesis should
be testable and falsifiable
-Qualitative Data - -descriptions
-Quantitative Data - -numbers/measurements
-Molecules - -a group of atoms bonded together, representing the smallest fundamental
unit of a chemical compound that can take part in a chemical reaction
-compound - -a substance consisting of 2 or more elements in a fixed ratio
-Chemical bonds - -elements can combine to form compounds; only electrons are directly
involved in chemical reactions
-Electronegativity - -is a measure of the tendency of an atom to attract a bonding pair of
electrons
-Ionic bond - -the complete transfer of valence electrons between atoms; it is a type of
chemical bond that generates two oppositely charged ions; attraction occurs between
negative and positive ions
-Hydrophobic - -water-fearing; molecules are repelled by water (ex: lipids)
, -Hydrophilic - -water-loving; molecules dissolve easily in water (ex: simple sugar)
-Polar - -covalent bond between 2 atoms that do not equally share electrons (tug of war)
-Non-Polar - -covalent bond between 2 atoms that share electrons equally (ex: oxygen)
-Products - -a substance that is formed when 2 or more chemicals react
-Reactants - -substances that start a chemical reaction
-What is the periodic table? - -a list of 92 elements in order from lowest amount of protons
to greatest
-What elements are most prevalent in the human body? - -1. nitrogen 2. oxygen 3. carbon
4. hydrogen
-What are trace elements? - -only need a small amount of them to thrive; they are
important because they are vital for maintaining health
-What are specific examples of the importance of trace elements in the human body? - -
Iodine- goiter will occur if not enough iodine; fluorine- maintain healthy bones and teeth
(found in dental products and water)
-What are the major bonds in biological molecules? - -1. non-covalent (hydrogen bond,
ionic bond, hydrophobic, hydrophilic, and Van der Waals)
2. covalent (polar and non-polar)
-Covalent bonds - -takes a lot of effort to break the bond; forms when 2 atoms share one or
more pairs of electrons (very strong)
-Non-covalent bonds - -easily broken bond; forms when 2 atoms are attracted to 1 or
more pairs of electrons (weak); requires less energy to break
-Hydrogen bond - -partial positive charge and partial negative charge
-Van der Waals - -happens when molecules are certain distances from each other (not too
close or too far apart); occurs between polar and non polar molecules and intermolecular
forces
-What is the role of molecule structure and function? - -Structure dictates function
-What produces natural endorphins?; How do opiates relieve pain? - -pituitary gland;
opioids attach to receptors in the brain with non covalent bonds
