Lasts anatomy - Thorax
Describe the texture of the skin of the thorax and the tension lines
Skin skinny in the the front and thick on the lower back
Tension line runs almost horizontal around the frame wall
-Incision alongside a tension line will heal as a hairline scar
Describe the subcutaneous tissue for the non-dilatable part of the body wall:
Fat is contained in loculi, whose fibrous partitions connect the overlying epidermis to underlying
deep fascia.
Describe the subcutaneous tissue for the dilatable part of the body wall
Dilatable a part of the body wall - anterior belly wall and decrease a part of thoracic wall in the
front of the mid-axillary lines.
Fibrous septa of the subcutaneous tissue are condensed under the fat to shape the
membranous layer of superficial fascia (fascia of scarpa).
-This fascia allows the fatty layer of superficial fascia (fascia of camper) to slide freely over the
underlying thoracic wall, rectus sheath and external indirect aponeurosis.
-It fades out over the higher thoracic wall alongside the mid axillary lines.
-Below, over the thighs, it is connected to the fascia lata along the flexure skin crease of the hip,
extending from the pubic tubercle obliquely outwards simply beneath the inguinal ligament.
-Fascia of scarpa is attached to the edges of the body of the pubic bone and is sustained over
the penis and scrotum wherein it is known as the superficial perineal fascia of colles.
What arteries deliver the subcutaneous tissue of flanks of the frame wall and which arteries
deliver the ventral midline tissues?
Flanks - intercostal and lumbar arteries pass ahead in the neurovascular aircraft to supply the
flanks
Ventral midline tissues - Internal thoracic and superior and inferior epigastric arteries.
What is the venous drainage of the subcutaneous tissue of the body wall?
Para-umbilical veins (anastomosing network of veins that radiate away from the umbilicus).
-Below umbilicus - passes to super saphenous vein
- Above umbilicus - runs as much as lateral thoracic vein and to axillary vein
,- A few veins at umbilicus drain to ligamentum teres - the upper a part of this ligament drains to
left department of the portal vein.
Which vein can be recognized in cases of IVC obstruction?
Thoraco-epigastric vein
-Longitudinal channel uniting lateral thoracic veins with superficial epigastric vein
-Communication among superior and inferior venae cavae.
What is the lymph drainage of subcutaneous tissue of the frame wall?
Follows veins
Above the umbilicus:
-Anteriorly - pectoral lymph nodes
-Posteriorly - scapular nodes
Below the umbilicus
-Anterior aspect of body wall and perineum - medial organization of superficial inguinal nodes
-Lateral and posterior aspects - lateral group of superficial inguinal nodes.
What is the nerve deliver of the pores and skin and subcutaenous tissue of the body wall
Above the second one rib - supraclavicular branches of the cervical plexus
Below 2nd rib:
-Midline strip of ventral skin supplied with the aid of anterior cutaneous branches of spinal
nerves from T2-L1 (L1 imparting suprapubic skin).
-Broad lateral strip furnished by way of lateral cutaneous branches of the spinal nerves from T2
or 3 to L1; these branches emerge inside the midaxillary line.
-Lateral cutaneous branch of T12 and iliohypogastric nerve descend over the iliac crest to
supply pores and skin of buttock.
-Posterior strip of skin is innervated by using the posterior rami of spinal nerves, by their medial
branches inside the higher element and lateral branches in the lower element.
Which nerve is the collateral branch of the iliohypogastric nerve?
Ilioinguinal nerve has no lateral cutaneous branch, it's miles the collateral branch of the
iliohypogastric, both coming from L1.
What resources the muscle mass of anterior vs posterior body wall?
Dorsal rami of spinal nerves - posterior muscles e.G. Erector spinae
,Ventral rami of spinal nerves - skip in neurovascular aircraft (among middle and inner layer) and
materials the three muscle layers of ventral body wall.
What are the three layers of muscle tissues at the neck, thorax and abdomen?
Neck:
-Outermost - Scalenus posterior
-Middle - Scalenus medius
-Inner - Scalenus anterior, longus capitis and longus cervicis
Thorax:
-Outermost - External intercostal and serratus posterior muscle groups
-Middle - internal intercostals
-Inner - Transversus thoracis organization - Innermost intercostals, transversus thoracic,
subcostals and the diaphragm which migrates caudally
Abdomen:
-Outermust - external indirect
-Middle - inner oblique
-Innermost - transversus abdominus, quadratus lumborum and levator ani
At the midline of the frame wall, what do the muscular tissues fuse to form at neck, thorax and
stomach?
Neck - glenohyoid and strap muscle tissues
Thorax - from time to time, the rectus sternalis
Abdomen - rectus abdominus.
What is the roof and ground of the thoracic cavity? What form is the ground and what's the
implication?
Roof - suprapleural membrane
Floor - diaphragm
-Convex formed, and hence the thoracic hollow space is lesser in quantity than predicted.
What is the number one function of ribs?
Respiration
What are the joints inside the thoracic cage?
Costovertebral joints - articular of rib head and vertebrae + tubercle and vertebrae
(costotransverse joint).
Costochondral joint - wherein ribs be a part of their costal cartilages anteriorly.
, Upper seven costal cartilages articulate with the sternum - sternocostal joint
Next three articulate with eachother - interchondral joints
Last are unfastened,
Manubriosternal joint - symphysis among manubrium and frame of sternum
Xiphisternal joint - symphysis between frame and xiphoid process.
Describe the joint of the heads of the ribs?
Head of regular rib posses two articular sides, seperated by a ridge. Each facet makes small
synovial joint with a demifacet of a vertebral frame.
-Lower rib facet articulates with higher costal facet of own vertebra
-Upper rib facet articulars with lower costal facet of vertebrae above
Ridge attached to intervertebral disc by way of intra-articular ligament.
First rib articulates with T1 vertebrae best.
-Never comes into touch with C7
Last two ribs handiest articular with their personal vertebrae.
-In those instances, the radiate ligament consists of two bands, not 3.
What is the radiate ligament of the thorax and what are its components?
Ligament that joins and reinforces the the front of the capsule of synovial joint between head of
rib and vertebrae.
Consists of three bands:
1. Upper band - passes across joint to frame of vertebrae above
2. Central band - runs horizontally deep to the anterior longitudinal ligament and across the
intervertebral disc with which it blends, to join with fibres from the alternative facet.
-This association is called the hypochondral bow.
Three. Lower band - passes throughout joint to frame of vertebrae under
What are the three ligaments that assist to stabilize the costotransverse ligament?
Lateral costrotransverse ligament - lateral aspect of the tubercle of a standard rib to the tip of
the transverse system.
Costotransverse ligament - occupies the space among the back of the neck of the rib and the
front of the transverse method.
Superior costotransverse ligament - passes as laminae from the crest of the neck of the rib to
the beneath floor of the transverse process of the vertebrae above
-The anterior lamina is continuous with the posterior intercostal membrane.
Describe the texture of the skin of the thorax and the tension lines
Skin skinny in the the front and thick on the lower back
Tension line runs almost horizontal around the frame wall
-Incision alongside a tension line will heal as a hairline scar
Describe the subcutaneous tissue for the non-dilatable part of the body wall:
Fat is contained in loculi, whose fibrous partitions connect the overlying epidermis to underlying
deep fascia.
Describe the subcutaneous tissue for the dilatable part of the body wall
Dilatable a part of the body wall - anterior belly wall and decrease a part of thoracic wall in the
front of the mid-axillary lines.
Fibrous septa of the subcutaneous tissue are condensed under the fat to shape the
membranous layer of superficial fascia (fascia of scarpa).
-This fascia allows the fatty layer of superficial fascia (fascia of camper) to slide freely over the
underlying thoracic wall, rectus sheath and external indirect aponeurosis.
-It fades out over the higher thoracic wall alongside the mid axillary lines.
-Below, over the thighs, it is connected to the fascia lata along the flexure skin crease of the hip,
extending from the pubic tubercle obliquely outwards simply beneath the inguinal ligament.
-Fascia of scarpa is attached to the edges of the body of the pubic bone and is sustained over
the penis and scrotum wherein it is known as the superficial perineal fascia of colles.
What arteries deliver the subcutaneous tissue of flanks of the frame wall and which arteries
deliver the ventral midline tissues?
Flanks - intercostal and lumbar arteries pass ahead in the neurovascular aircraft to supply the
flanks
Ventral midline tissues - Internal thoracic and superior and inferior epigastric arteries.
What is the venous drainage of the subcutaneous tissue of the body wall?
Para-umbilical veins (anastomosing network of veins that radiate away from the umbilicus).
-Below umbilicus - passes to super saphenous vein
- Above umbilicus - runs as much as lateral thoracic vein and to axillary vein
,- A few veins at umbilicus drain to ligamentum teres - the upper a part of this ligament drains to
left department of the portal vein.
Which vein can be recognized in cases of IVC obstruction?
Thoraco-epigastric vein
-Longitudinal channel uniting lateral thoracic veins with superficial epigastric vein
-Communication among superior and inferior venae cavae.
What is the lymph drainage of subcutaneous tissue of the frame wall?
Follows veins
Above the umbilicus:
-Anteriorly - pectoral lymph nodes
-Posteriorly - scapular nodes
Below the umbilicus
-Anterior aspect of body wall and perineum - medial organization of superficial inguinal nodes
-Lateral and posterior aspects - lateral group of superficial inguinal nodes.
What is the nerve deliver of the pores and skin and subcutaenous tissue of the body wall
Above the second one rib - supraclavicular branches of the cervical plexus
Below 2nd rib:
-Midline strip of ventral skin supplied with the aid of anterior cutaneous branches of spinal
nerves from T2-L1 (L1 imparting suprapubic skin).
-Broad lateral strip furnished by way of lateral cutaneous branches of the spinal nerves from T2
or 3 to L1; these branches emerge inside the midaxillary line.
-Lateral cutaneous branch of T12 and iliohypogastric nerve descend over the iliac crest to
supply pores and skin of buttock.
-Posterior strip of skin is innervated by using the posterior rami of spinal nerves, by their medial
branches inside the higher element and lateral branches in the lower element.
Which nerve is the collateral branch of the iliohypogastric nerve?
Ilioinguinal nerve has no lateral cutaneous branch, it's miles the collateral branch of the
iliohypogastric, both coming from L1.
What resources the muscle mass of anterior vs posterior body wall?
Dorsal rami of spinal nerves - posterior muscles e.G. Erector spinae
,Ventral rami of spinal nerves - skip in neurovascular aircraft (among middle and inner layer) and
materials the three muscle layers of ventral body wall.
What are the three layers of muscle tissues at the neck, thorax and abdomen?
Neck:
-Outermost - Scalenus posterior
-Middle - Scalenus medius
-Inner - Scalenus anterior, longus capitis and longus cervicis
Thorax:
-Outermost - External intercostal and serratus posterior muscle groups
-Middle - internal intercostals
-Inner - Transversus thoracis organization - Innermost intercostals, transversus thoracic,
subcostals and the diaphragm which migrates caudally
Abdomen:
-Outermust - external indirect
-Middle - inner oblique
-Innermost - transversus abdominus, quadratus lumborum and levator ani
At the midline of the frame wall, what do the muscular tissues fuse to form at neck, thorax and
stomach?
Neck - glenohyoid and strap muscle tissues
Thorax - from time to time, the rectus sternalis
Abdomen - rectus abdominus.
What is the roof and ground of the thoracic cavity? What form is the ground and what's the
implication?
Roof - suprapleural membrane
Floor - diaphragm
-Convex formed, and hence the thoracic hollow space is lesser in quantity than predicted.
What is the number one function of ribs?
Respiration
What are the joints inside the thoracic cage?
Costovertebral joints - articular of rib head and vertebrae + tubercle and vertebrae
(costotransverse joint).
Costochondral joint - wherein ribs be a part of their costal cartilages anteriorly.
, Upper seven costal cartilages articulate with the sternum - sternocostal joint
Next three articulate with eachother - interchondral joints
Last are unfastened,
Manubriosternal joint - symphysis among manubrium and frame of sternum
Xiphisternal joint - symphysis between frame and xiphoid process.
Describe the joint of the heads of the ribs?
Head of regular rib posses two articular sides, seperated by a ridge. Each facet makes small
synovial joint with a demifacet of a vertebral frame.
-Lower rib facet articulates with higher costal facet of own vertebra
-Upper rib facet articulars with lower costal facet of vertebrae above
Ridge attached to intervertebral disc by way of intra-articular ligament.
First rib articulates with T1 vertebrae best.
-Never comes into touch with C7
Last two ribs handiest articular with their personal vertebrae.
-In those instances, the radiate ligament consists of two bands, not 3.
What is the radiate ligament of the thorax and what are its components?
Ligament that joins and reinforces the the front of the capsule of synovial joint between head of
rib and vertebrae.
Consists of three bands:
1. Upper band - passes across joint to frame of vertebrae above
2. Central band - runs horizontally deep to the anterior longitudinal ligament and across the
intervertebral disc with which it blends, to join with fibres from the alternative facet.
-This association is called the hypochondral bow.
Three. Lower band - passes throughout joint to frame of vertebrae under
What are the three ligaments that assist to stabilize the costotransverse ligament?
Lateral costrotransverse ligament - lateral aspect of the tubercle of a standard rib to the tip of
the transverse system.
Costotransverse ligament - occupies the space among the back of the neck of the rib and the
front of the transverse method.
Superior costotransverse ligament - passes as laminae from the crest of the neck of the rib to
the beneath floor of the transverse process of the vertebrae above
-The anterior lamina is continuous with the posterior intercostal membrane.
